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Understanding Cellular Respiration and ATP Production Process

Explore the metabolic pathways of cellular respiration, from glucose breakdown to ATP production through oxidation and reduction processes. Learn about the phases of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport, and how different molecules like NADH and FADH2 play crucial roles in energy generation. Discover the significance of oxygen, redox reactions, and fermentation in cellular respiration.

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Understanding Cellular Respiration and ATP Production Process

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  1. Cellular Respiration 1 ATP CO2 + H2O Oxidation Reduction 3 metabolic pathways Breakdown glucose Requires O2 When H+ + e- removed from glucose C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP When O2 accepts H+ and e- Remove energy slowly 39% recovery Minimal heat

  2. Redox Coenzymes 2 Small organic molecules Oxidize metabolites by accepting H+ and e- Reduce metabolites by giving up H+ and e- NAD+ 1 H+ and 2 e- NADH FAD 2 H+ and 2e- FADH2

  3. Complete Glucose Breakdown 3 4 phases Glycolysis Glucose 6C 2 pyruvate 3C, 2 ATP & NADH Fermentation 2 ATP Transition reaction Pyruvate Acetyl group 2C, CO2 & NADH Krebs cycle Acetyl-CoA 2 ATP, CO2 NADH & FADH2 Electron transport NADH & FADH2deliver e- 32/34 ATP

  4. Glycolysis 4 Cytoplasm 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 C3 P 4 steps No O2 All organisms Before Krebs cycle & e- transport Before mitochondria & chloroplasts Energy investment: Glucose is activated C6 G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate)

  5. Glycolysis: Energy harvest 5 2 C3 P + H2PO4 2 2 C3 C3 P P 2 NAD+ 2 NADH P P Kinase 4 ADP 4 ATP G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated BPG Mitochondria Substrate level phosphorylation 4 ATP 2 C3 Pyruvate Cytoplasm

  6. Mitochondria 6 Cristae Matrix Outer membrane Electron transport 2 Pyruvate Transition Krebs cycle

  7. Preparatory (Transition) Reaction 7 Matrix C2 & bound to Coenzyme A Electron transport OH = O CO2 C NADH C CoA NAD+ = O + CH3 C = O CH3 Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) Connects glycolysis to Krebs cycle Pyruvate (C3) +CoA

  8. Krebs Cycle 8 Mitochondrial matrix CoA C6 citrate NAD+ NADH NADH NAD C5 NAD+ C4 NADH FAD FADH2 Turns 2X for each glucose (Citric acid cycle) Acetyl-CoA + C4 CO2 ATP CO2

  9. 2 2 pyruvates 9 #3 #1 #2 Electron transport Cristae 2X/glucose 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH2

  10. Electron Transport 10 e- e- ADP + P ATP Cristae + O2 10 NADH and 2FADH2 + H+ Series of transporters from one to the other Reduced then oxidized O2 accepts e- Carriers pump H+ Inter-membrane space 10X [H+] gradient ATP synthase Oxidative phosphorylation

  11. ATP Production 11 Transferred from 1 molecule to another P Substrate-level phosphorylation Glycolysis Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Chemiosmosis Oxygen is final e- acceptor e- transport H+ from matrix H+ gradient Osmosis of H+ ATP synthase ATP ATP exits mitochondria by facilitated diffusion

  12. Cytoplasm glucose Mitochondria 12 ATP ATP 6 2 ATP 6 Electron Transport ATP ATP 2 18 Krebs Cycle ATP 4 Glycolysis 2 NADH 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 acetyl-CoA 6 NADH 2 FADH2 Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 34 ATP 4 ATP

  13. 1 2e- 2 3 4 5 NADH ATP FADH2 ATP ½ O ATP

  14. Fermentation 13 NAD+ NADH CO2 + EtOH No O2 Glycolysis Pyruvate Remains in cytoplasm Muscle contraction Beer Lactic acid Blood Burst of 2 ATP pH Muscle fatigue

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