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South Asia

. . South Asia Map. . . India's famed Taj Mahal. Background Preparation. 1.4 billion peopleEthnic, linguistic, and religious diversityStrong British colonial influence. India. Site 1: Hindustani RagaSite 2: Bhajan Devotional SongSite 3: Carnatic Classical Song (Kriti). . . Arrival: North India. Major Cities:Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, LucknowIndependent from British in 1947Mahatma Gandhi (1869 - 1948)World's Largest DemocracyCaste SystemDisparity of wealth Religious pluralism.

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South Asia

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    1. South Asia India (North & South) Bangladesh

    2. South Asia Map

    3. Background Preparation 1.4 billion people Ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity Strong British colonial influence

    4. India Site 1: Hindustani Raga Site 2: Bhajan Devotional Song Site 3: Carnatic Classical Song (Kriti)

    5. Arrival: North India Major Cities: Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Lucknow Independent from British in 1947 Mahatma Gandhi (1869 - 1948) World’s Largest Democracy Caste System Disparity of wealth Religious pluralism

    6. Site 1: Hindustani Raga First Impressions “Dreamy” aura “Boing” drums Aural Analysis Melody: Sarod Rhythm: Tabla Drone: Tambura

    7. Tambura Fretless plucked lute Four strings “Pillar” pitch tuning Aural “incense” Played by shishya or vocalist

    8. Sarod Fretless plucked lute 3 sets of strings Melodic Drone (Jhala) Sympathetic Calfskin resonator face

    9. Sympathetic Strings (on Sitar)

    10. Raga Performance Tuning system - 22 pitches Raga (or rag) - “atmosphere” Mode: Framework for improvisation and composition Scale, ornamentations, melodic patterns, hierarchy of pitches, etc. Rasa (mood), time of day, “magic”

    11. Raga Melodic Form Alap Free rhythm, all improvised Ascending melodic range Increasing rhythmic density Jor - Jhala Gat Metered composition with improvisation Drum enters Similar rising range and increasing density

    12. Tabla Pair of hand drums Smaller drum - tabla Tuned to central pitch Larger drum - baya Bols - drum language Theka - rhythmic patterns

    13. Tala Rhythmic cycle Drummer and Audience “Keep the tal” Drummer “stretches” the beat with improvisation

    14. Cultural Considerations Oral Tradition Guru - Shishya Rasa: “Mood” as it relates to the arts Ragamala “Star” artists Ravi Shankar “Flexible” Time

    15. Site 2: Bhajan Devotional Song First Impressions Congregational worship Aural Analysis Harmonium Tabla, kartal Antiphonal vocals Duple meter

    16. Cultural Considerations Devotional Hindu songs Sai Baba Temples

    17. Arrival: South India Major cities: Hyderabad, Bangalore, Madras Carnatic culture more ancient and “pure” Predominantly Hindu

    18. Site 3: Carnatic Classical Song First Impressions Aural “incense” Melismatic vocalist with imitating fiddle Aural Analysis Melody: Vocal Imitation: Violin Rhythm: Mridangam Drone: Sruti Box

    19. Carnatic Instruments Violin Mridangam

    20. Kriti Hindu devotional poetry set to music Composed skeletal melody Increased ornamentation Raga and Tala systems more complex Some 36,000 possible raga 175 variations of tala

    21. Cultural Considerations Sri Tyagaraja (1767 - 1847) Devotee of Hindu god, Rama Prolific composer Aradhana Festivals

    22. Bangladesh Site 4: Baul Song

    23. Arrival: Bangladesh Formerly eastern Pakistan Became independent in 1971 Predominantly Muslim Frequent Flooding Most of country near sea level

    24. Site 4: Baul Song First Impressions “Jingly” sleigh-bell Assertive vocal “Bouncing” melody instrument Aural Analysis Gopiyantro (Ektara) Ghunur

    25. Cultural Considerations Bauls constitute a “cultural” group Itinerant musicians Non-mainstream spirituality Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) India’s most famous poet

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