Ancient Egypt

2. Ancient Egypt A World Fascinated with Death

3. Intro to the Geography(Nile River Valley) • Two main tributaries: Blue (Ethiopia) and White Nile • Blue Nile fed by monsoon rains • Flooded annually (July-October) • Flooding predictable, planting and harvest coincided with the inundation.

4. The Nile Delta • At the mouth of the Nile where it empties into the Mediterranean. • Largest cultivatable land • The large Egyptian centres were located here.

5. The Faiyum • The oasis that surrounded Lake Moeris • The third largest cultivatable area • Extensive irrigation was used in this area.

6. Was the Nile the “cradle” for the Egyptians?

7. The Role of the Sahara Desert • Flanked the Nile on both sides (Eastern & Western Deserts) • Protected the Nile from external influence • Isolationism resulted in a conservative and stable society • Desert also provided resources: copper, gold, tin, alabaster (gypsum-like), • limestone, amethyst and natron (sodium carbonate)

8. Map of Northern Africa

9. Before the Unification Before 3100 BCE, Egypt was divided into two: Lower Egypt which was the delta region--red crown & Upper Egypt--white crown

10. The Old Kingdom • Two kingdoms first united between 3100 and 2700 BCE • Double crown symbolized the unification King Menes et al. had absolute rule in Egypt • King Menes was deified and supreme ruler of all secular and religious affairs. • Period known for pyramid building

11. Old Kingdom - 4th Dynasty Golden Age • Old Kingdom peaked in the 4th Dynasty. • Achieved by extensive trade in the Mediterranean • Copper (Sinai), Timber (Syria), Wine & )Oil (Crete), and the Potter’s Wheel (Mesopotamia) • Pyramids @ Giza built (2600-2500 BCE) • Built by Khufu (Cheops), Khafre, and Menkure.

12. Famous Pyramids

13. Giza Necropolis

14. First Intermediate Period - ca. 2200 BCE • Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, local and provincial powers became more powerful. • Internal struggles of power became a problem. • This led to civil wars • Drought and led to fail crops and then famine • Resulted in 150 years of chaos: aka the First Intermediate Period.

15. Middle Kingdom - Theban Kings • Egypt reunited by Theban kings by 2050 BCE. • Theban monarchs ruled for 250 years. • Centre was Thebes, then moved into Memphis • Their chosen god was Amon • Amon was combined with Ra to become Amon-Ra (Egypt’s national god) • Middle Kingdom was a period of territorial and economic expansion (Libya, Palestine, and Nubia

16. Second Intermediate Period - ca. 1786-1567 BCE • Hyksos invasion • From Syria adn Palestine • War-like people (What does this mean? Is this biased?) • Conquered with the use of superior technology: bows, horse-drawn chariots, and bronze weapons. • The Hyksos took over for two dynasties (150 years) • They were driven out their own weapons.

17. New Kingdom - The Golden Age • Characterized by empire building, fine works of art and larger than life leaders. • Hatshepsut - powerful female leader • Husband Thutmose II died, step-son too young to rule, so she assumed the throne. • Her statues have false beards to show power. • She reestablished trading routes disrupted by the Hyksos • Building projects: 2 obelisks @ the Temple of Karnak, the Red Chapel • Her reign was known for peace, stability, and prosperity. • She was replaced by her stepson Thutmose III

18. New Kingdom - The Golden Age • Thutmose III - Egypt’s Napoleon • Credited with creating the largest Egyptian empire • Controlled Anatolia, Syria, and parts of Mesopotamia. • They paid tribute • His reign was known for the conquest of Egypt’s neighbours. • He was succeeded by Amenhotep

19. Amarna Period - Religion Reform • Amenhotep - later Akhenaton and his wife was Nefertiti • Started a religious revolution as she disliked the worship of Amon-Ra and replaced Amon-Ra with Aton - the Sun Disk and all of the Non-Aton temples were closed and a new “cult” was monetheistic was formed. • Capital moved to Ahketaton • Akhenaton was preoccupied with his new religion and neglected his empire. • His empire was weak and began to crumble and thus starts the decline of the Egyptian empire, with which he is credited before he was succeeded by the famous boy king

20. Religious RestorationTutankhamon • Started his reign at the age of 8/9 • Died @ 18 • He destroyed the Aton cult and restored traditional religion • He is better known for the wealth in his tomb.

21. Late Dynasty • After the New Kingdom was the weakening end of the Egyptian empire. • The 19th and 20th Dynasties • Notable King was Ramses II reigned for 62 years and lots of buildings built (eg. Abu Simbel) • Defaced many building in an attempt to erase the Amarna Period from history • Took part in one of the first peace treaties (with Kadesh)

22. Massive structures came to be favoured from the Old Kingdom on. Mud brick was the principal building material for domestic building. Stone was favoured for temples and tombs. Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture

23. Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture • Features of mud construction were often echoed in stone. • For example, columns were built to resemble plants or bunches of plants.

24. Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture. • Features of mud construction were often echoed in stone. • Corner detailing often resembled bunches of reeds used as a binding material in mud construction.

25. Egyptian aristocratic culture focussed on preparation for life after death. Preservation of bodies through mummification and providing goods for the afterlife were considered essential. Funerary Structures

26. Mastabas • Early Old Kingdom aristocratic and royal burials were in mastabas - square or rectangular buildings connected by shafts to tomb chambers deep beneath the earth. • The mastaba also housed a chapel and a statue of the dead. • The Step Pyramid led to the regular pyramid.

27. Mastabas Chapel Shaft Tomb

28. Another Mastaba Diagram

29. Zoser’s Step Pyramid • Built during the 3rd dynasty, Zoser’s architect, Imhotep, added steps above Zoser’s mastaba to create a step pyramid -- a stairway to the heavens.

30. These were built during the 4th dynasty. What remains is but a fraction of the great funerary districts of each of the pyramids. Construction was hugely labour intensive -- but this was paid labour during slow agricultural seasons, not slave labour as is commonly supposed. The Great Pyramids of Gizeh

31. The Great Pyramids at Gizeh

32. Section of Pyramid of Khufu RelievingBlocks Grand Gallery King’s Chamber Queen’s Chamber Thieves Tunnel False Tomb Chamber Entrance

33. These were buildings that housed chambers and passages, including small air shafts that may have been used for ventilation -- or were, perhaps, passages for the spirit of the pharaohs to pass through. Pyramid building was abandoned during the Old Kingdom. They provided tomb robbers with easily identifiable targets. The Great Pyramids of Gizeh

34. The Theban Necropolis • Pyramidal structures were abandoned in the Old Kingdom. • Later Pharaohs were buried in Upper Egypt across the Nile from Karnak. • Large concentrations of tombs were cut into cliffsides at what are now known as the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens.

35. Theban Necropolis. • Interiors were richly decorated with paintings and low-relief carvings.

36. The Valley of the Kings • Entrances were hidden to protect tomb treasures from grave-robbers. • Over the millennia this has proven largely unsuccessful. Only Tutenkhamen’s tomb eluded them.

37. Mortuary Temples • Though mummies and treasures might be concealed, more conspicuous temple structures were still required -- like Hatshepsut’s temple near the Theban Necropolis.

38. Egyptian Beliefs • Simple society = simple worship i.e. nature deities: animals • Complex society = complex worship i.e. anthropomorphic deities: animal attributes with human bodies • Animals were used for their characteristics: • hawks/falcons = swiftness • crocodiles = fear • ichneumon = ferocity • dog/cat = loyalty

39. These were built in the same forms as palaces, with three increasingly restricted areas. Temples Hypostile Hall Entrance Sacred Area including Chapels Second Pylon First Pylon

40. The entire temple was surrounded by a windowless wall. Within the temple, light and shadow were important features. Walls might be blank or incised with low relief carvings. Temples

41. Temple Wall

42. Lighting through wall openings, columns, and clerestory windows in the colonnade, were intended to feature particular locations. In the case of Abu Simbel, the statures on the wall deepest in the temple, emerged from shadow on two days during the year. Temples

43. Abu Simbel

44. Great Pylons marked entrances. Temple at Karnak

45. Luxor Temple • The most public area was a large courtyard, surrounded by a post and lintel colonnade.

46. Temple at Karnak • The Second Area was the great hypostyle hall, with its dense forest of columns.

47. Temple of Karnak • Columns & Capitals in Hypostyle Hall

48. Temple Architecture • Light & shadow were important features. • Light came through: • Wall openings • gaps between columns • clerestory windows

49. In Closing • Egyptian Architecture showed both variety and continuity over ca. 3,000 years. • While domestic structures of mud brick have been obliterated by time, monumental structures in stone still astound visitors to Egypt today.

50. Sources • Slides from Corel Gallery Magic Photo Library. • Amiet, Pierre et.al. Forms and Styles; Antiquity. Cologne, Evergreen, 1981. • Janson, H.W. (and Anthony), History of Art. Abrams, New York, 1995. • Ruffle, John. Heritage of the Pharaohs. Oxford, Phaidon, 1977. • Stierlin, Henri. Encyclopedia of World Architecture. Cologne, Evergreen, 1977.