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Monday 5-12-14

Monday 5-12-14. Fill out planner for week Open lab QUIZ Update SN. Biological Macromolecules. Six Major Elements . C Carbon H Hydrogen N Nitrogen O Oxygen P Phosphorus S Sulfur. FOUR Macromolecules. POLYMER MONOMER Carbohydrates monosaccharides

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Monday 5-12-14

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  1. Monday 5-12-14 • Fill out planner for week • Open lab QUIZ • Update SN

  2. Biological Macromolecules

  3. Six Major Elements • C Carbon • H Hydrogen • N Nitrogen • O Oxygen • P Phosphorus • S Sulfur

  4. FOUR Macromolecules POLYMERMONOMER Carbohydrates monosaccharides Proteins amino acids Lipids (fats) glycerol and fatty acids Nucleic Acids nucleotide

  5. What is a Polymer? • Polymers are made up of many, many molecules all strung together to form really long chains. • The properties of polymers really reflect what's going on at the ultra-tiny (molecular) level. • Function is a result of Structure! • Things that are made of polymers look, feel, and act depending on how their atoms and molecules are connected! Some are rubbery, some are sticky and gooey, and some are hard and tough.

  6. What is a Monomer? • The molecules that make up the polymers • Mono means "one". Mer means “part” • So, monomers are those itty bitty molecules that can join together to make a long polymer chain.

  7. Examples of Polymers

  8. Carbohydrates • Made of C, H, O (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen) • Provide energy for living systems • Commonly called simple sugars and starches • Monosaccharides(Simple Sugars) are the monomers that make up the more complex carbohydrates) • Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, deoxyribose, & ribose sugar • complex carbohydrates (polymers) include Starch and Cellulose

  9. Carbohydrates Function: Short term energy source Structure: makes up cellulose in cell wall

  10. Carbohydrates Sucrose is actually a disacharide • Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + H2O

  11. Carbohydrates are long strands of sugars connected together. • Animals store starch as Glycogen. • Plants store starch as Cellulose

  12. What are the specific monomers that make up carbohydrates? What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

  13. Proteins • Meat, soy, nuts, & Beans have a lot of protein. • Functions: • Structure: Tendons, ligaments, skin, hair • Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions. (ex. Amylase, trypsin, pepsin) • Movement: muscle tissue (ex. Actin & myosin) • Transport: Carries oxygen in blood (ex. Hemoglobin) • Immunity: Helps fight off foreign invaders (ex. Antibodies)

  14. Proteins They also contain a carboxyl group Made up of carbon, oxygen, & a hydroxide (OH) group. Proteins Contain an Amino Group Made up of a nitrogen & 2 hydrogens.

  15. Amino acids that make up proteins

  16. Monomers bonding to make polymers(Amino Acids bonding to make proteins.)

  17. Check for understanding What functional groups do all proteins contain? How are carbohydrates and proteins -Similar? -Different?

  18. Lipids • Fats, oils, & waxes • Functions as a long term energy source, as well as insulation & cushioning • Structure: Major component of the cell membrane (phospholipids) & Steroids

  19. Lipids • Made of glycerol and three fatty acids 3 Fatty acid groups Made up of 2 oxygens attached to a chain of hydrocarbons.. Glycerol Backbone Made up of Carbons, Hydrogens, and Oxygens. (CHO)

  20. Nucleic Acids • Two types DNA and RNA • The monomers (subunits) are nucleotides which combine to form the DNA or RNA • Hold genetic information within their structure. Nitrogenous Base Made up of nitrogen, carbon, & hydrogen Phosphate Group (PO4) Sugar (Cn H2n On )

  21. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) • Monomer or subunit name = nucleotide • Nucleotide made of 3 parts: • Sugar • phosphate • Nitrogen base • Functions: • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – stores genetic information • RNA (Ribonucleic acid)- makes proteins

  22. Other Nutrients • Water • Body needs water because: • Most of the body processes either need or take place in a water environment • Lose water in your sweat, urine, and exhalation • Need to drink at least a liter a day – keep healthy • Not enough - dehydration

  23. Vitamins • Organic molecules that help regulate body processes • Often work with enzymes • Most must be obtained from food • Vitamin deficiencies and overdose have serious consequences

  24. Types of Vitamins Vitamin A D E K Sources Yellow, orange, and dark green vegetables; dairy products Fish oils, eggs; made by skin when exposed to sunlight; added to dairy products Green leafy vegetables, seeds, vegetable oils Green leafy vegetables; made by bacteria that live in human intestine Function Important for growth of skin cells; important for night vision Promotes bone growth; increases calcium and phosphorus absorption Antioxidant; prevents cellular damage Needed for normal blood clotting C Citrus fruits, tomatoes, red or green peppers, broccoli, cabbage, strawberries Maintenance of cartilage and bone; antioxidant; improves iron absorption; important for healthy gums, tissue repair, and wound healing

  25. Minerals • Inorganic nutrients • Needed in small amounts • By eating a variety of foods you can meet your daily requirements

  26. Types of Minerals Mineral Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Chlorine Sodium Magnesium Iron Fluorine Iodine Zinc Sources Diary products; salmon; sardines; kale; tofu; collard greens; legumes Dairy products; meats; poultry; grains Meats; dairy products; many fruits and vegetables; grains Table salt; processed foods Table salt; processed foods Whole grains; green leafy vegetables Meats; eggs; legumes; whole grains; green leafy vegetables; dried fruit Fluoridated drinking water; tea; seafood Seafood; dairy products; iodized salt Meats; seafood; grains Function Bone and tooth formation; blood clotting; nerve and muscle function Bone and tooth formation; acid-base balance Acid-base balance; body water balance; nerve function Acid-base balance; formation of gastric juice Acid-base balance; body water balance; nerve function Activation of enzymes in protein synthesis Component of hemoglobin and of electron carriers used in energy metabolism Maintenance of tooth structure; maintenance of bone structure Component of thyroid hormones Component of certain digestive enzymes

  27. Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Simple Complex Amino acids Calcium Iron Fatty Acids Glycerol Sugars Starches Fat-soluble Water-soluble Concept Map Nutrients include include are made of are made using include include such as such as

  28. All of these Polymers work together to make up living organisms.

  29. Identify the following macromolecule. • Lipid

  30. Identify the following macromolecule. • Protein

  31. Identify the following macromolecule. • Nucleic Acid

  32. Identify the following macromolecule. • Hints: • its name is Lactose • Made up of only Carbons, Hydrogens, & oxygen. • Carbohydrate

  33. Make a Glucose Molecule (monomer) • Using colored marshmallows and toothpicks you will create a glucose molecule. • Choose a color to be Carbon (6) Choose a color to be Hydrogen (12) Choose a color to be Oxygen (6) • You will need toothpicks as well. • Construct a glucose molecule following the directions on your note sheet.

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