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European Conquest of the Americas: Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro

This chapter explores the European conquest of the Americas, focusing on Christopher Columbus' voyages, the Spanish conquests of the Aztecs and Incas, and the impact of the Columbian Exchange. It also examines the role of missionaries, permanent settlers, and the Council of Indies in European colonization.

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European Conquest of the Americas: Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro

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  1. The European Conquest of the Americas Chapter 17

  2. Christopher Columbus

  3. Columbus’ Four Voyages

  4. European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

  5. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II

  6. The Death of Montezuma II

  7. Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

  8. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

  9. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"?? Docs. 1- 4

  10. The “Columbian Exchange”

  11. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

  12. Within 100 years of Columbus, Spain had taken most of Caribbean, Mexico, the American southwest, Central America, the Caribbean & Pacific coasts of South America, & the Andean highlands Council of Indies – supervised all government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activity in colonies Justified their American conquests by assuming an obligation to convert native populations to Christianity Spanish Empire

  13. Silver mines dominated economic development Large labor force necessary Encomienda system African slaves Silver increased the European money supply, promoting commercial expansion and eventually industrialization Silver

  14. Portugal took Brazil (Treaty of Tordesillas) Very profitable sugar plantations Depended on African slave labor More productive More resistant to disease Late 17th century – 7,000 per year Portuguese Empire

  15. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

  16. Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. Get as much gold and silveras you can. Establish a favorable balance of trade. Get colonies.

  17. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

  18. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

  19. Occurred nearly a century after Spanish & Portuguese Religious settlement (Puritans & Pilgrims) Began by private business ventures rather than large colonial bureaucracies English & French Colonization

  20. At first produced more failures than successes (Newfoundland & Roanoke) Virginia Company – Jamestown (80% died); saved by tobacco Indentured servants (Serve 3-4 years) African slaves Carolinas – fur trade Massachusetts Bay Company – Plymouth – Puritans & Pilgrims – shipping New York (Dutch, then English) – fur trade Pennsylvania – Quakers English colonies distinguished by democratic representation! English Efforts

  21. Committed to missionary activity (Jesuits) Settled area of St. Lawrence River Quebec, Montreal, Detroit, St. Louis, New Orleans Fur trade – friendly relations with Algonquin French Efforts

  22. Started as conflict over a fort England committed a larger military force in the Americas & took Quebec Iroquois jointed English Defeated French forced in Canada in 1760 France had to yield Canada to the English & Louisiana to Spain France then concentrated their efforts on sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean Seven Years’ War(French & Indian War)

  23. European Empires in the Americas

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