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Understanding the Respiratory System: Functions and Disorders

Explore the intricate workings of the respiratory system, its vital functions like gas exchange, and common breathing disorders such as COPD and pneumonia. Learn about structures like alveoli and thoracic cavity. Discover key terms and diseases affecting the lungs.

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Understanding the Respiratory System: Functions and Disorders

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  1. The Respiratory system

  2. Functions • Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood: • Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for cellular respiration). • Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood (waste product from cellular respiration). Homeostatic Role: • Regulates blood pH. • Regulates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

  3. External Respiration • Ventilation • exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere • Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries • Breathing largely involuntary activity

  4. Internal Respiration • All cells require oxygen for metabolism • All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide • Gas exchange at cellular level

  5. Structures of Respiratory System • upper respiratory tract • nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea • lower respiratory tract • bronchial tree and lungs

  6. Nose • nasal cavity • nasal septum • mucous membrane • mucus • cilia • olfactory receptors

  7. Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Posterior to the nose • Contains adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils • Oropharynx • Posterior to the mouth • Palatine tonsils • Laryngopharynx • Superior to the larynx

  8. Epiglottis • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air • Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs.

  9. Larynx • Also known as the voice box • Glottis (vocal apparatus) • vocal bands or vocal cords

  10. Trachea • Windpipe or airway • Mucous membrane lining with cilia • Smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings • divides into two branches: • Right bronchi • Left bronchi

  11. Bronchi • Bronchus, singular • C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle • Each bronchi divides into bronchioles • Terminate in air sacs called alveoli

  12. Alveoli • Resembles a small balloon as it expands and contracts with the flow of air • CO2 diffuses from the blood in the capillaries, enters the alveoli, and is exhaled • On inspiration, O2 diffuses from the alveoli to enter the capillaries

  13. Thoracic Cavity • thoracic • thorax • mediastinum • heart • aorta • esophagus • bronchi • thymus

  14. Lungs Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes trachea

  15. Pleura • each lung enclosed in pleura • parietal pleura (inner) • visceral pleura (outer) • pleural space or pleural cavity • lubricating fluid

  16. Diaphragm • muscle separating chest and abdomen • inspiration,diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space • air flows in • expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic space • air flows out • phrenic nerve

  17. Respiration • external respiration - exchange of gases in lungs • internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues • ventilation - movement of air

  18. PathologyBreathing Disorders • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCOPD (COLD) • Dyspnea • Bradypnea • Tachypnea

  19. COPD • Asthma • bronchospasms, parosysmal, productive cough, • mucolytics, bronchodilators • Chronic Bronchitis • mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain • expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids • Emphysema • barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea

  20. Influenza • Acute infectious respiratory disease • Viral • Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia • Avoid aspirin in children

  21. Pleural Effusions • Excess fluid in pleural cavity • associated with congestive heart failure, ascites, infectious lung diseases, trauma • diagnosis • auscultation, percussion • Empyema, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pnrumothorax, pyopneumothorax • thoracentesis

  22. Tuberculosis • Infectious, highly communicable disease • aerosol transmission • primary tuberculosis, tubercles • immunocompromised • effects other organ systems • drug resistant strains

  23. Bronchopneumonia • Inflammatory disease of lungs • lobar, bilateral • hemoptyisis • consolidation • Pneumocystis carinii • lavage

  24. Cystic Fibrosis • Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands • systemic involvement • lungs, pancreas, digestive tract • Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles • Gas exchange impaired

  25. Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Surfactant • decreases the surface tension of the alveoli • needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance) • Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) • Adult respiratory distress syndrome

  26. Oncology • Primary Pulmonary Cancer • Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS • common site: epithelium of bronchi • bronchogenic carcinoma • masses form and block air passages • metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney

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