Renewable and Non-Renewable Land Resources

1. Q4 Week 1 Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources Earth/Space Science

2. Discovery Education Video - Natural Resources (2:35) Watch the video, and be ready to discuss: What is a natural Resource? https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/f147b5af-30ae-45e7-b7e9-21dcd39d5071/

3. Natural Resources • We can break all of those natural resources into 2 types. • Renewable: one that can be used repeatedly and does not run out because it is naturally replaced including carbon, neutral sources like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. • Non-Renewable: one that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a quick enough pace to keep up with consumption like oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy.  • Natural resources are resources that exist without any actions of humankind.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxHdUd_Q12Y

4. Renewable Resource Examples • If you cut down a tree, you can replace that tree by planting a seedling. A tree is an example of a renewable resource, which is a natural resource that can be replaced by nature in a short period of time. • Humans can use natural resources responsibly by replacing resources as they are used. The replacement of renewable resources at the same rate at which they are consumed results in a sustainable yield. • Organisms in the biosphere are important renewable resources. Plants and animas reproduce; therefore, as long as some mature individuals of a species survive, they can be replaced. Crops can be planted every spring and harvested every fall from the same land as long as the sun shines, the rain falls, and the required nutrients are provided by organic matter or fertilizers. • Animals that are raised for food can also be replaced in short periods of time. • Forests that are cut down for the production of paper products can be replanted and ready for harvest again in 10 to 20 years.

5. Non-renewable Resource Examples • Many homes have copper pipes that transport water to the faucets. The price of copper fluctuates daily, but has steadily increased over the past 15 years. Copper is expensive because there are a limited number of copper mines, and demand continues to increase. When all the resources in the mines have been exhausted, no more copper will be mined unless new sources can be located. Copper can only be replaced by geological, physical and chemical processes that take millions of years. • Crude oil is a liquid fuel source located underground. It is extracted through drilling. Oil is used for transportation, heating and electricity generation, varied petroleum products, and plastics. At present, crude oil constitutes around 33% of global energy needs. Coal and is around 30% and natural gas comes in third place at around 24%. That totals around 87% of human global energy needs. According to BP's report, as of 2018, they believe we have around 50 years left at current consumption and production levels.

6. Materials Humans Use What resources are in those electronics? Everyone may realize that we use resources like trees, copper, water, and gemstones, but how many of us realize the tremendous variety of elements we need to make a single electronic device? A tablet computer with a touch screen contains many common chemical elements and a variety of rare earth elements. Common Materials We Use From The Earth People depend on natural resources for just about everything that keeps us fed and sheltered, as well as for the things that keep us entertained. Every person in the United States uses about 20,000 kilograms (40,000 pounds) of minerals every year for a wide range of products, such as cell phones, TVs, jewelry, and cars.

7. Tablebelow shows some common objects, the materials they are made from, and whether they are renewable or non-renewable.

8. Week 2 Land and Water Resources Earth/Space Science All photos in this PPT were taken by Mrs. Greenlee #nofilters

9. Video - National Geographic - Climate 101 - Deforestation Watch the video, and be ready to discuss: 1. What are some reasons for deforestation? 2. Which locations around the world are affected the most by deforestation and agriculture? (You might have to enter your school email to view it) https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/deforestation

10. As the world seeks to slow the pace of climate change, preserve wildlife, and support billions of people, trees inevitably hold a major part of the answer. Yet the mass destruction of trees—deforestation—continues, sacrificing the long-term benefits of standing trees for short-term gain. Forests still cover about 30 percent of the world’s land area, but they are disappearing at an alarming rate. Between 1990 and 2016, the world lost 502,000 square miles (1.3 million square kilometers) of forest, according to the World Bank—an area larger than South Africa. Since humans started cutting down forests, 46 percent of trees have been felled, according to a 2015 study in the journal Nature. About 17 percent of the Amazonian rainforest has been destroyed over the past 50 years, and losses recently have been on the rise. Deforestation

11. We need trees for a variety of reasons, not least of which is that they absorb not only the carbon dioxide that we exhale, but also the heat-trapping greenhouse gases that human activities emit. As those gases enter the atmosphere, global warming increases, a trend scientists now prefer to call climate change. Tropical tree cover alone can provide 23 percent of the climate mitigation needed over the next decade to meet goals set in the Paris Agreement in 2015, according to one estimate. The Scherer power plant in Juliet, Georgia, is the largest coal-fired power plant in the U.S. It burns 34,000 tons of coal daily, pumping over 25 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year.

12. Causes of Deforestation • Farming, grazing of livestock, mining, and drilling combined account for more than half of all deforestation. Forestry practices, wildfires and, in small part, urbanization account for the rest. In Malaysia and Indonesia, forests are cut down to make way for producing palm oil, which can be found in everything from shampoo to saltines. In the Amazon, cattle ranching and farms—particularly soy plantations—are key culprits. • Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also fell countless trees each year. Loggers, some of them acting illegally, also build roads to access more and more remote forests—which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl as land is developed for homes. • Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of young trees.

13. Why it matters and what can be done • Deforestation affects the people and animals where trees are cut, as well as the wider world. Some 250 million people living in forest and savannah areas depend on them for subsistence and income—many of them among the world’s rural poor. Eighty percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and deforestation threatens species including the orangutan, Sumatran tiger, and many species of birds. Removing trees deprives the forest of portions of its canopy, which blocks the sun’s rays during the day and retains heat at night. That disruption leads to more extreme temperature swings that can be harmful to plants and animals. • In terms of climate change, cutting trees both adds carbon dioxide to the air and removes the ability to absorb existing carbon dioxide. If tropical deforestation were a country, according to the World Resources Institute, it would rank third in carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions, behind China and the U.S.

14. The numbers are grim, but many conservationists see reasons for hope. A movement is under way to preserve existing forest ecosystems and restore lost tree cover. Organizations and activists are working to fight illegal mining and logging—National Geographic Explorer Topher White, for example, has come up with a way to use recycled cell phones to monitor for chainsaws. In Tanzania, the residents of Kokota have planted more than 2 million trees on their small island over a decade, aiming to repair previous damage. And in Brazil, conservationists are rallying in the face of ominous signals that the government may roll back forest protections. • For consumers, it makes sense to examine the products and meats you buy, looking for sustainably produced sources when you can. Nonprofit groups such as the Forest Stewardship Council and the Rainforest Alliance certify products they consider sustainable, while the World Wildlife Fund has a palm oil scorecard for consumer brands.

15. Desertification • In arid and semiarid areas of the world, the loss of topsoil leads to desertification, which is the process whereby productive land becomes desert. • Desertification can occur when too many grazing animals are kept on arid lands, or when trees and shrubs are cut down for use as fuel in areas with few energy resources. • Desertification is a growing problem mainly in Africa, the Middle East, Australia and the western part of the U.S • It can be prevented by reducing overgrazing and by planting trees and shrubs to anchor soil and retain water.

16. Aggregates • Aggregate is sand, gravel and crushed stone that can naturally accumulate on or near Earth’s surface. • Some aggregates are transported by water and are found on floodplains in river valleys and in alluvial fans in mountainous areas. Other aggregates were deposited by glacial activity in moraines, eskers, kames and outwash plains. • Aggregates used in construction are often mixed with cement, lime or other materials to form concrete, mortar or asphalt.

17. Bedrock • Underneath topsoil is a layer of soil consisting or inorganic matter, including weathered rock, sand, silt, clay, and gravel. The deeper soil layer lies on a base of unweathered parent rock called bedrock. • Bedrock is solid rock, and it can consist of limestone, granite, marble or other rocks that can be mined in quarries. • Slabs of bedrock are often cut from quarry faces. Large pieces of bedrock are used in the construction of buildings, monuments, flooring, countertops and fireplaces. Bedrock is also crushed for use as stone aggregate.

18. Ores • Anoreis a natural resource that can be mined for a profit, that is, it can be mined as long as its value on the market is greater than the cost of its extraction. • For example. The mineral hematite is an iron ore because it contains 70% iron by weight. Other minerals such as limestone also contain iron, but they are not considered ores because the percentage of iron contained in them is too low to make extraction profitable. • Ores can be classified by the manner in which they formed. Some ores are associated with igneous rocks, and other ores are formed from processes that occur at Earth’s surface. Hematite

19. Chromite bands Settling of Crystals • Iron, chromium and platinum are examples of metals that are extracted from ores associated with igneous rocks. • Chromium and platinum come from ores that form when minerals crystallize and settle to the bottom of a cooling body of magma. • Chromite ore deposits are often found near the bases of igneous intrusions. • One of the largest deposits of chromite is found in the Bushveldt Complex in South Africa.

20. Hydrothermal Fluids • The most important sources of metallic ore deposits are hydrothermal fluids. How water and other fluids might be part of the magma that is injected into surrounding rock during the last stages of magma crystallization. • Because atoms of metals such as copper and gold do not fit into the crystals of minerals during the cooling process, they become concentrated in the remaining magma. • Eventually, a solution rich in metals and silica moves into the surrounding rocks to create ore deposits known as hydrothermal veins. Hydrothermal veins commonly form along faults and joints in rock.

21. Chemical Precipitation • Manganese and iron ores most commonly originate in layers formed through chemical precipitation. • Iron ore in sedimentary rocks are often found in bands made up of alternating layers or iron-bearing minerals and chert. • The origin of these ores, called banded iron formations, is not fully understood. Scientists think that banded iron formations resulted from an increase in atmospheric oxygen during the Precambrian.

22. Placer Deposits • A placer deposit is an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation from a specific source rock during sedimentary processes.  • Some sediments, such as grains of gold and silver, are more dense than other sediments. • When stream velocity decreases, as, for example, when a stream flows around a bend, heavy sediments are sometimes dropped by the water and deposited in bars of sand and gravel. • Sand and gravel bars that contain heavier sediments, such as gold nuggets, gold dust, diamonds, platinum, gemstones, and rounded pebbles of tin and titanium oxides, are known as placer deposits. • Some of the gold found during the Gold Rush in California during the late 1840s was located in placer deposits.

23. Effects of Mining • Mines that are used to remove materials from the ground surface destroy the original ground contours. • Open-pit mines can leave behind waste rock that can weather over time. The extraction of mineral ores often involves grinding parent rock to separate the ore. • The material left after the ore is extracted, called tailings, might release toxic elements such as mercury and arsenic into the groundwater or surface water. These materials can form acids as they weather and pollute the environment. • Mining processing methods might also include harmful chemicals that could be released into the surrounding environment.

24. Using the Land Interactive Website Link: Using the Land Interactive Use the website to complete the Using the Land Interactive. Do NOT type answers in on the website. Type answers into the Google Doc. https://authoring.concord.org/sequences/385/activities/7648/pages/99936/c5a267cf-a0f2-40c4-b5dc-c6c299469d4a