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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. ALSO KNOWN AS THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM MRS. Burgstiner RN HCST II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IS THE SYSTEM THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD SO THAT IT CAN BE TAKEN INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND USED BY THE BODIES CELLS AND TISSUES.

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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALSO KNOWN AS THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM MRS. Burgstiner RN HCST II

  2. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ISTHE SYSTEM THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD SO THAT IT CAN BE TAKEN INTO THE BLOODSTREAM AND USED BY THE BODIES CELLS AND TISSUES.

  3. Digestive System consists of:The Alimentary CanalAnd it’s Accessory Organs

  4. The Alimentary Canal • CONTAINS THE: • Mouth, Pharynx Small Intestine • Teeth Duodenum • Tongue Jejunum • Hard Palate Ileum • Soft Palate Large Intestine • Salivary Glands Appendix • Pharynx Colon • Esophagus Rectum • Stomach Anus

  5. ACCESSORY ORGANS Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

  6. Functions of the Digestive System • Mouth: Receives food *Pharynx: (air/food) • Taste throat food passes • saliva moistens through and down • swallows • Teeth: chews grinds food • breaks down foods • process is called mastifcation

  7. Tongue: Muscular muscle that has taste buds Taste Buds: allow taste of sweet, sour, salt and bitter Hard Palate : separates mouth from nasal cavities Soft Palate: separates mouth from the nasal pharynx Salivary Glands: Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular they produce saliva which helps to moisten and prepare food for digestion, saliva has salivary amylase. Salivary Amylase:(formerly ptyalin): acts on carbohydrates and sugars.

  8. Esophagus: moves bolus (swallowed food) to stomach by using peristalsis. Stomach: converts food to semi-fluid material called chyme Rugae: mucous membrane lining that fills with food and expands Cardiac Sphincter: circular muscle btw. esophagus and stomach..prevents food from going back Pyloric Sphincter: Btw. Stomach and small intestine, Prevents flow back into stomach

  9. Stomach has : Hydrochloric acid: part of gastric juices and it kills bacteria, helps absorb iron and activates the enzyme pepsin. Enzymes in Gastric Juices Lipase: chemical breakdown of fats Pepsin: starts protein digestion Rennin: (in infants) acts on milk protein.

  10. SMALL INTESTINE: (20 feet long and 1 inch diameter)*duodenum(10in.)* jejunum(8ft) *ileum(12ft • Has intestinal juices. It’s enzymes include: • Maltase, Sucrase and Lactase • (which act on carbs) • Peptidases: complete the • digestion of proteins. • Absorption of nutrients occurs through villi(nutrients) and lactels (fats)..sends to body cells for use

  11. LIVER: • Produces Bile • which emulsifies fats in the • digestive tract. • Stores sugar as glycogen • Stores Vitamins and Iron • Produces Heparin, fibrinogen • prothrombin, and cholesterol • Detoxifies substances, toxins, ETOH and • destroys bacteria

  12. GALLBLADDER: Stores and concentrates bile. Bile enters small intestine to break down fats PANCREAS: Produces pancreatic juice Enters small intestine at Duodenum Enzymes: Pancreatic Amylase : acts on Carbohydrates Trypsin/Chymotrypsin: acts on proteins Lipase: acts on fats

  13. LARGE INTESTINE: 5 feet long and 2 inches in diameter • Absorption of water and remaining nutrients • Storage of indigestible nutrients before elimination • Synthesis and absorption of vitamin B and K by bacteria present in the intestine • Transportation of the waste products out of the alimentary canal • Sections: • Cecum: Connects to ileum of sm. Intestine • Contains the vermiform appendix • Colon: Transverse(across abdomen) • Descending (down the left side of body) • Sigmoid (S-shaped section that connects to the rectum • .

  14. RECTUM: Final 6-8 inches of the alimentary canal Storage area for wastes and indigestibles Anal Canal: narrow canal that opens into the Anus Fecal material: is expelled through the anus.

  15. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the appendix Due to obstruction or infection s/sx: Generalized abd. Pain that localizes to the right side. n/v, fever, elevated WBC Dx: ultrasound, Lower GI Tx: appendectomy: if rupture occurs can cause peritonitis due to contents emptying into the peritoneal cavity Prevention: Early detection of infection

  16. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the Gallbladder • Cholelithiasus: Gallstones (chrystallized cholesterol) (bile salts, or pigments) S/Sx: indigestion, n/v, pain under rib that radiates to right shoulder. Gallstone can rupture and cause peritonitis. (frequently occurs after eating fatty foods) Dx: ultrasound, x-ray, history Tx: low fat diet, Lithotripsy (shock waves to shatter stones) Cholecystectomy Prevention: Eat low fat diet, exercise, get help early.

  17. CIRRHOSIS: chronic destruction of the liver cells, with formation of scar tissue • Causes: malnutrition associated with alcoholism hepatitis, bile duct disease, chemical toxins • S/Sx: enlarged liver, anemia, nosebleeds, jaundice n/v, ascites ( fluid in peritoneal cavity) liver failure: disoriented, hallucinations, hepatic coma, and death • Dx: X-ray, U/S, MRI, lab tests, history, biopsy

  18. Treatment: avoiding alcohol proper nutrition and vitamin supplements Rest and appropriate exercise Prevention: If alcoholic get treatment avoid using dirty needles, tattoos, drugs use precautions if sexually active outside of marriage Cirrhosis continues:

  19. Diarrhea Frequent watery stools cause: virus, bacteria, stress, food, irritated colon, toxic substance Tx: eliminate the cause, provide fluids, and modify the diet Constipation: fecal material remains in the colon too long causing excessive Reabsorption of water. Hard, painful or no stools Cause: Poor bowel habits, lazy bowel, chronic laxative use, low fiber diets, digestive diseases TX: Laxative, High Fiber diet, bowel retraining Diarrhea and Constipation

  20. DIVERTICULITIS: Inflammation of the diverticulus: can cause a rupture of abscess leading to peritonitis • S/Sx: Abdominal pain, irregular bowel movements, constipation, diarrhea, low-grade fever, n/v • TX: antibiotics, stool softeners, pain medicine • Surgery to remove part of colon that is affected

  21. Gastroenteritis: inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach and intestinal tract • Causes: food poisoning, infections, toxins • S/Sx: abd. Cramps, n/v, fever and diarrhea • Tx: rest, increase fluid intake, if sever, hospitalization to give IV fluids and meds to slow peristalsis.

  22. Hemmorroids: painful dilated or vericose veins of rectum/or anus • Cause: Straining to defecate, constipation, pressure during pregnancy, insufficient fluid intake, abuse of laxatives, prolonged sitting, or standing. • S/Sx: pain, itching, bleeding • Tx: high fiber diet, increase fluid intake, stool softener, sitz baths, warm compresses, hemmorrhoidectomy in severe cases.

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