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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. Common Chemicals. Soap. Fat + Base Mode of Action One end = polar, dissolve in water Other end = non-polar, dissolve in oil Surfactant = stabilize suspension of non-polar oil in water In hard water leaves mineral deposits.

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 Common Chemicals

  2. Soap • Fat + Base • Mode of Action • One end = polar, dissolve in water • Other end = non-polar, dissolve in oil • Surfactant = stabilize suspension of non-polar oil in water • In hard water leaves mineral deposits Source: http://research.unc.edu/endeavors/spr2005/soap.php

  3. Soap Dissected Ingredients: sodium tallowate, palm kernelate, aqua, parfum, stearic acid, glycerin, sodium chloride, tetrasodium EDTA, tetrasodium etidronate, FD&C Blue No. 4, FD&C Yellow No. 5. • Sodium tallowate: soap made from animal fat • Palm kernelate: soap made from palm kernel oil • Aqua: water • Parfum: mixture of natural and synthetic fragrances • Stearic acid: fatty acid, improve soap texture • Glycerin: moisturizer, keep soap from drying out • Sodium chloride: improve soap texture • Tetrasodium EDTA: chelating agent, prevent soap scum • Tetrasodium etidronate: preservative • FD&C Blue No. 4 and Yellow No. 5: artificial colors

  4. Detergents • Synthetic • Non-biodegradable detergents banned • Biodegradable detergents • No mineral deposits, even in hard water • Contents • Synthetic surfactant • Examples: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium laryl/laureth sulfate, benzalkonium chloride • Stabilizers • Fragrance

  5. Softeners & Bleaches • Fabric Softeners • Layer on clothes 1 molecule thick • Lubrication • Electrically conductive (cancel out static electricity) • Bleaches • Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) • Oxidation of color molecules in stains • Brighteners (Color-safe “bleach”) • reflect blue light, clothes look white

  6. Cleaning Products • Acids • Toilet bowl cleaner (HCl, citric acid) • Cleaners containing vinegar • Bases • Oven cleaner • Drain cleaner • Glass cleaner (ammonia) • Bleach Source: www.visitwaupaca.com

  7. Cosmetics: Lotions • Emollients: soften the skin by coating and protecting • Moisturizer: form a physical barrier to hinder evaporation • Sunscreens • Humectants: hold water by hydrogen bonding Source: http://www.lyndhurstnaturals.com/Naturals2.aspx

  8. Lotions Dissected • Aqua: water, adds moisture directly to skin • Glycerin: moisturizer, softener • Cetearyl alcohol: emollient, emulsifier, stabilizer • Petrolatum: moisturizer, emollient • Mineral oil: moisturizer • Ceteareth-20: emulsifier, surfactant • Dimethicone: moisturizer, anti-foaming agent • Carbomer: emulsion stabilizer • Methylparaben: preservative • Sodium Hydroxide: pH adjuster • Titanium dioxide: white colorant, coverage, reflectant • Octyl dimethyl PABA: UV absorber

  9. Sun Protection • Ultraviolet light • 3 “near UV” wavelength ranges • Therapeutic uses • Psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema • Cancer treatment (phototherapy) • Dangers • DNA damage • Cancer • Ageing Images source: www.wikipedia.com

  10. Sun Protection • Cosmetics • Sunscreens • Sunblocks • SPF • Body’s defenses • During sun exposure • After sun exposure Image source: http://msnbcmedia2.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/060605/060605_sunscreen_vmed_1p.widec.jpg

  11. Cosmetics: Other Skin Care • Exfoliant: remove surface skin cells • Chemical • Mechanical • Astringent: constrict pore openings • Antiperspirant: retard perspiration • Complexes of aluminum and zirconium • Acne • Salicylic acid, triclosan, benzoyl peroxide: antibiotics, can be very drying • Anti-aging • Alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids: chemical exfoliants

  12. Cosmetics: Makeup • Mascara: oils, waxes, colors, thickeners • Lipstick: oils, waxes, colors, moisturizers, often with UV protection • Powders: pigment, binders, mineral powders (aluminum, titanium, zinc) • Foundation: oils, colors, pH balancers, emulsifiers, surfactants • All have preservatives! Source: http://www.commessuniversity.com/images/Nala%20in%20makeup%201.jpg

  13. Oral Care • Toothpaste • Sodium dodecyl (laurel) sulfate: detergent • Artificial sweeteners, flavors • Fluoride • Abrasive • Mouthwash • Antimicrobials • Surfactants • fluoride Source: http://www.webhealthcenter.com/general/..%5Cimages%5Coral1.gif

  14. Hair Care • Composition of hair • Protein • Shape is determined by hydrogen bonds, salt bridges and disulfide bonds • Only root of hair is alive: all visible hair is dead • Slightly acidic • Hair damage: brushing/combing, blow drying, environmental attack, chemical damage Source: http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_73.htm

  15. Hair Care: Hair Products • Shampoo • Mild detergent (surfactant) • Most are gentle enough to not harm hair structure • Conditioner • Coats the hair shaft with moisturizers • Dimethicone, silk proteins, collagen: smooth hair shaft • Hair care myths and facts

  16. Hair Care: Hair Products • Hairspray • Semisolid organic polymers that form sticky resin on hair • Dissolved in a solvent that evaporates • Perms • Reducing agent breaks disulfide bonds in hair • Oxidizing agent allows bonds to reform with hair in a new shape • Depilatories • Strongly basic—destroy peptide bonds in hair & skin Source: http://www.turbostipend.com/bileta/hairspray.jpg

  17. Hair Care: Hair Products • Hair dyes • Hair is naturally colored by melanins • Coloring: benzene-amine compounds soak into hair shaft • Bleaching: hydrogen peroxide oxidizes natural pigments (melanins) into colorless products • Avoid contact with skin! Source: http://www.west-coast-beauty.com/unjimages/veroChromeColor/tube.jpg

  18. You The Consumer • Types of products are often the same! • Beware of outrageous claims • Beware of unnecessarily expensive products • Read the ingredients and compare • Be a well-informed consumer Source: http://www.rohmhaas.com/images/2ndlevel/i_percare.jpg

  19. Remember! • 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 “Know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God?” “For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God’s.” • Take care of yourself—your body is a gift

  20. What should you know? • Differences between soap and detergent • Composition • Behavior in soft & hard water • Difference between regular bleach (NaClO) and color-safe bleach (brighteners) • Be able to name an acidic and a basic cleaning product • Understand how sunscreens and sunblocks work (different types, SPF, etc.) • Be able to describe how emollients, surfactants, emulsifiers, moisturizers, astringents, exfoliants and humectants work • Know common ingredients in toothpaste • Understand the composition of hair and how it is damaged • Be able to describe how hair dyes and bleaches, perms, hairspray and depilatories work

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