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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. Ch.7. (7-1) Cellular Respiration. Series of complex rxns that converts organic cmpds into usable E ( ATP – adenosine triphosphate ) Used by heterotrophs & autotrophs. Overview. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP Exact opposite of photosynthesis 2 stages:

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration Ch.7

  2. (7-1) Cellular Respiration • Series of complex rxns that converts organic cmpds into usable E (ATP – adenosine triphosphate) • Used by heterotrophs & autotrophs

  3. Overview • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O + ATP • Exact opposite of photosynthesis • 2 stages: • Glycolysis • Anaerobic: no O2 present • Aerobic Respiration • Aerobic: O2 present

  4. Glycolysis • Biochemical pathway where glucose broken down into pyruvic acid & NADH • Location: rxns take place in cytosol • Purpose: make reactants for the next step & make a little E (net = 2 ATP)

  5. Steps of Glycolysis • 2 phosphate groups from ATP are added to glucose • New cmpd is split into 2 3-C G3P’s • 2 G3P’s gain a phosphate group making a new 3-C cmpd & convert NAD+ to NADH • Phosphate groups are removed to form 2 pyruvic acids & added to ADP to make ATP

  6. Then What? Pyruvic Acid & NADH No oxygen Oxygen Fermentation Aerobic Respiration

  7. Fermentation • 2 types: • Lactic acid • Alcoholic • Purpose: regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis running (to make ATP)

  8. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Reactants: 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH • Products: 2 NAD+ + lactic acid • Makes: • Yogurt • Cheese • Sore muscles

  9. Alcoholic Fermentation • Reactants: pyruvic acid + NADH • Products: NAD+, ethyl alcohol, ATP, CO2 • Makes: • Bread • Beer • Wine

  10. Efficiency of Glycolysis • 2% efficiency • 2 ATP’s produced, but most of glucose’s original E is still held in pyruvic acid

  11. (7-2) Aerobic Respiration • Pyruvic acid is broken into NADH & used to make a large amt. of ATP • Occurs after glycolysis when oxygen is present • Location: mitochondrial matrix • 2 stages: • Krebs Cycle • e- Transport Chain (ETC)

  12. Acetyl CoA • Molecule produced when pyruvic acid enters the matrix & reacts w/ coenzyme A • A C-atom is lost & released as CO2 • NAD+ becomes NADH

  13. Krebs Cycle • Breaks down acetyl coA to make CO2, H-atoms, & ATP

  14. Krebs Cycle Steps • Acetyl CoA combines w/ oxaloacetic acid to make citric acid & regenerates coenzyme A • Citric acid releases CO2 & H to form a 5-C cmpd & NADH • 5-C cmpd releases CO2 & H forming 4-C cmpd, NADH, & ATP • 4-C cmpd releases H to make another 4-C cmpd & FADH2 • New 4-C cmpd releases H to regenerate oxaloacetic acid & makes NADH

  15. Krebs Summary • 1 glucose is broken down in 2 turns of the cycle • Those turns make 4 CO2 & 2 ATPs • NADH & FADH2 drive next stage

  16. ETC • Series of molecules in the inner mitochondial membrane that transfers e- from 1 to another • ATP’s produced when NAD+ & FAD are reformed • Most E in cellular resp. is formed here (32-34 ATPs)

  17. ETC Steps • NADH & FADH2 donate e- & H+ • e- passed down chain & lose E • Lost E used to pump H+ from matrix into space b/w membranes creating a conc. & electrical gradient • Gradients drive synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis (same as photosynthesis) • O2 accepts e- & H+ to form H2O

  18. Chemiosmosis • Making of ATP using a chemical conc. gradient of H+ ions across a membrane via the protein ATP synthase

  19. Efficiency of Cellular Resp. • 39% efficient • Nearly 20x more efficient than glycolysis

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