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Phylum Porifera

Phylum Porifera. Means: Pore Bearing. FUN FACT. Sponge toxins are the greatest source of new pharmaceuticals!. Porifera General Characteristics. Simplest multi-cellular animals Most are asymmetrical Sessile animals. Porifera General Characteristics. 4. Filter-feeders

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Phylum Porifera

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  1. Phylum Porifera Means: Pore Bearing

  2. FUN FACT • Sponge toxins are the greatest source of new pharmaceuticals!

  3. PoriferaGeneral Characteristics • Simplest multi-cellular animals • Most are asymmetrical • Sessile animals

  4. PoriferaGeneral Characteristics 4. Filter-feeders 5. Body openings: Many tiny incurrent pores and one large out current pore 6. Aquatic - mostly salt , only 2% fresh

  5. Body Form and Function • No true organs- no digestive system, nervous system or respiratory system. • No true tissues- • DIPLOPLASTIC: Have two germ layers. Ectoderm- Outer layer For Protection • Pinacocytes- flat cells that help in maintenance and size and structure of the sponge • Outer layer sometimes called Pinacoderm.

  6. Body Form and Function • Endoderm- inner layer Choanocytes- or Collar Cells inner cells lined with flagella Creates water current Draws in food and oxygen Removes waste

  7. Body Form and Function • Have a middle gelatinous or jelly-like layer that contain Ameobacyte Specialized cells that help in: 1. Reproduction 2. Skeletal secretion 3. Waste removal 4. Transport, Storage and Digestion of food

  8. Body Form and Function • Ostia: tiny pores for incoming water • Osculum: Usually 1 large opening for outgoing water • Spongocoel: The large inner cavity that water circulates through • Spicules: provide structural support like a skeleton • Stolon: the base of the sponge that attaches to rock or coral

  9. Body Form and Function • Sponge filtering water - http://cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=m8a0oNsDEx8

  10. FUN FACT To grow 100 grams (3 oz), a sponge must filter 1,000 kg (275 gallons) of sea water! • Mini van sized sponge! • http://cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=M_wOBew8d_I

  11. Reproduction and Development • Both sexual and asexual reproduction • SexualReproduction: Sperm is released into the water by one sponge and taken into the spongocoel of another sponge. Sponge spawninghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIPpOJin5Wc Eggs are fertilized and larva released into the water which attach to the bottom and grow into mature sponge

  12. Reproduction and Development

  13. Reproduction and Development Sponges DO NOT fertilize their own eggs with their own sperm. The sperm will only fertilize another egg of the same species with allows for genetic variation to occur.

  14. Reproduction and Development Regeneration All sponges possess a remarkable ability to regenerate lost parts. A piece cut from the body of a sponge is capable of growing into a complete sponge. If a sponge is cut into small pieces and squeezed through a fine silken mesh to separate cells, the separated amoebocytes will reunite and in a few days will develop canals, flagellated chambers and skeleton and grow up into a new sponge. This power of regeneration helps the sponges to repair the damage caused in the harsh environment. http://cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=N462jZFr13k

  15. Reproduction and Development Budding In budding, numerous amoebocytes gather near the surface resulting in a small outgrowth on the pinacoderm. The bud grows outward to produce a small individual, which usually detaches from the parent and attaches to a nearby rock to grow into an independent colony.

  16. Reproduction and Development Fission Split – process of mitosis Fragmentation In some sponges multiplication takes place by developing a line of fission and throwing off parts of the body which later can develop into a new sponge. Sponges can break into several pieces along several lines of weakness and breaking into fragments that are capable to wait over unfavorable environmental conditions and grow into complete sponges in the following favorable season.

  17. Reproduction and Development Reduction Bodies or Gemmules Many fresh water and marine sponges disintegrate in adverse environmental conditions particularly in winter, leaving small rounded balls called reduction bodies. Each body consists of an internal mass of amoebocytes, covered externally by a pinacoderm and spicules. When favorable conditions return, these reduction bodies grow into complete new sponges.

  18. Ecological Relationships • Provide food for many other animals • Provide shelter for many other animals • Have mutualistic relationships with photosynthesizers to provide more oxygen in the oceans

  19. Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea Class Demospongiae Class Hexactinellida

  20. Class Calcarea • Balloon sponges • Have star-shaped spicules made of calcium carbonate • Mesh-like structure • All live in saltwater • Calciumcarbonate: a carbon/calcium substance found in animal skeletons

  21. Class Calcarea

  22. Class Calcarea

  23. Class Hexactinellida • Glass sponges • All live in salt water • Have six-sided spicules made of silicon

  24. Class Hexactinellida

  25. Class Hexactinellida

  26. Class Demospongiae • Common sponges • Includes 80% of all Porifera species • Have spicules made of silicon and spongin • Live in fresh or saltwater

  27. Class Demospongiae

  28. Class Demospongiae

  29. http://cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=ykKd8jsCREQhttp://cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?videoId=ykKd8jsCREQ • Sponges- oldest creatures in the sea?

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