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REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT 1550-1800

REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT 1550-1800. When you hear the word REVOLUTION what comes to your mind? What is the definition of REVOLUTION?.

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REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT 1550-1800

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  1. REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT 1550-1800

  2. When you hear the word REVOLUTION what comes to your mind? What is the definition of REVOLUTION?

  3. Intro: The Renaissance inspired a spirit of curiosity in many fields. It was during this time that philosophers abandoned their old views and developed new ones. In science, especially in ASTRONOMY, people began to question ideas that had been accepted for hundreds of years. New scientific theories and discoveries led to changes so great that historians speak of a . . . Scientific Revolution (1500s-1600s)

  4. The Medieval View – During the Medieval Ages, most scholars believed that the earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe. According to that belief, the moon , the sun, and the planets all moved in perfectly circular paths around the earth. Beyond the planets lay a sphere of fixed stars, with heaven still farther beyond. Common sense seemed to support this view. After all, the sun appeared to be moving around the earth as it rose in the morning and set in the evening.

  5. A New Way of Thinking Especially significant in the Scientific Revolution were discoveries in astronomy. These discoveries would overturn the conception of the universe held by Westerners in the middle Ages.

  6. Ptolemaic System • Model was constructed by Ptolemy in the 2nd century A.D. • The geocentric model of the universe; it places the Earth at the center of the universe.

  7. Copernicus • Polish mathematician who felt that the geocentric model was too complicated and believed that the sun was the center of the universe • (1543) heliocentric model (everything revolves around the sun) • 1st to argue that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe

  8. Kepler • German mathematician who used detailed astronomical data to arrive at his laws of planetary motion • His first law showed that the planets orbited around the sun in an elliptical shape, not circular (his observations confirmed that the sun was the center of the universe)

  9. Galileo • He invented the telescope and with it he made regular observations of the heavens • (1610) Mathematician who made Europeans aware of the works/views of Copernicus & Kepler)

  10. He discovered mountains on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots. • Galileo was arrested and tried for suspicion of heresy in 1633 • He was ordered to publicly say that his theories were false; He was sentenced to house arrest; publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future

  11. Newton • English mathematician • (1642) law/theory of gravity • showed how one law could explain all motion in the universe. • This encouraged scientists to explore and experiment even more.

  12. Descartes Famous mathematician and philosopher “I think, therefore I am.” * Father of modern rationalism/philosophy

  13. Bacon (philosopher) developed the scientific method: collecting & analyzing evidence * believed scientists should use Inductive reasoning: systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test theories, which would lead to correct general principles.

  14. . . . Invention of new instruments (telescope, microscope) made fresh scientific discoveries possible and the printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily. . . . science, chemistry, math, medicine (heart)

  15. CONFLICT? YES Between religion & the inquiring mind that wanted to know & understand through reason based on evidence and proof.

  16. The influence of the Scientific Revolution soon spread beyond the world of science. Philosophers admired Newton because he had used reason to explain the laws of governing nature, and began to look for laws governing human behavior as well. People hoped to apply reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society – government, economics, religion, and education. In this way, the ideas of the Scientific Revolution paved the way for anew period called the Enlightenment or Age of Reason.

  17. Philosophy in the Age of Reason * The Enlightenment was a movement brought by writers who said that to understand the natural world & human kind’s place in it people should rely solely on scientific reasoning without turning to religious beliefs.

  18. Natural Law By the early 1700s, Europeans also used reason to discover why people act the way they do. natural laws: rules that govern all of nature--- including human nature

  19. Enlightenment and Politics • Enlightenment didn’t deal just w/science but w/politics • Enlightenment thinkers tried to apply the laws of nature to human society • They wanted to reform the government • With these laws, they hoped to solve the problems of society

  20. John Locke * People have natural rights (rights that belong to ALL humans at birth) * Gov’t should protect those rights – and if it doesn’t, the people have a right to change or replace it. * The best kind of gov’t is one that has limited power

  21. Montesquieu: * the powers of the gov’t should be separated into 3 branches (separation of powers) * Each branch will keep the other branches from becoming too powerful (checks and balances)

  22. Adam Smith *Explained how competition, supply and demand guides a free market economy (capitalism) He believed in laissez faire: Allowing business to operate w/little or no gov’t interference . . . Mercantilism dealt w/gov’t control

  23. Enlightenment Ideas Spread: * Ideas spread across Europe [printing press helped carry the ideas] and prompted some ruler to make reforms. * A fair society, they thought , should provide material well-being, justice, and happiness.

  24. Gov’t and Church believed that GOD had set up society as it was ---To STOP new ideas they burned English books and put writers/authors in prison ***So philosophers asked rulers to adopt reforms

  25. Other Enlightenment Thinkers Voltaire: made fun of traditional authority. He believed in religious tolerance and intellectual freedom. Rousseau: Government should respond to the will of the people Locke, Montesquieu, Smith, Voltaire and Rousseau all influenced the leaders of the American Revolution

  26. ART & MUSIC *** baroque • rococo • Johann Sebastian Bach • Handel • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (6 yr. old prodigy)

  27. the end

  28. Scientific Revolution Cards • Tycho Brahe (Front) • 1546-1601 • 1546-1601 • (Back) • Quote: When, according to habit, I was contemplating the stars in a clear sky, I noticed a new and unusual star, surpassing the other stars in brilliancy. There had never before been any star in that place in the sky. • Accomplishments • Using just a basic, fist-sized celestial sphere and string, Tycho discovered that tables of predictions of planet positions • He observed a one-in-twenty-year conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, and again noted errors in both Copernicus’s and Ptolemy’s predictions.  • First to document a super nova • Effects: Developed instruments to measure the angles between celestial bodies.

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