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R&D for Future Accelerators

Lawrence’s 27-inch cyclotron, external beam ionizing air. R&D for Future Accelerators. Frank Zimmermann, CERN UPHUK3, Bodrum, 17 September 2007. We acknowledge the support of the European Community-Research Infrastructure Activity under the FP6

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R&D for Future Accelerators

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  1. Lawrence’s 27-inch cyclotron, external beam ionizing air R&D for Future Accelerators Frank Zimmermann, CERN UPHUK3, Bodrum, 17 September 2007 We acknowledge the support of the European Community-Research Infrastructure Activity under the FP6 "Structuring the European Research Area" programme (CARE, contract number RII3-CT-2003-506395)

  2. outline introduction hadron colliders - LHC, LHC upgrade e+e- factories ep colliders b beams, n factories, & m colliders advanced acceleration concepts

  3. “Livingston plot” of accelerator energy vs. time about a factor 10 increase every 6-8 years whenever one technology ran “out of steam” a new technology took over! can this trend continue? → accelerator R&D From W.K.H. Panofsky, “Evolution of Particle Accelerators and Colliders,” 1997

  4. 1st cyclotron by Ernest O. Lawrence & Stanley Livingston ~1930 diameter 4.5 inches (~11 cm) final proton energy 1.1 MeV “Dr Livingston has asked me to advise you that he has obtained 1,100,000 volt protons. He also suggested that I add ‘Whoopee’!” —Telegram to Lawrence, 3 August 1931

  5. why higher energy? • quantum mechanics: de Broglie wavelength l=h/p → examining matter at smaller distance requires higher momentum particles • many of the particles of interest to particle physics are heavy →high-energy collisions are needed to create these particles

  6. 1st cyclotron, ~1930 E.O. Lawrence 11-cm diameter 1.1 MeV protons LHC, 2008 9-km diameter 7 TeV protons after ~80 years ~107 x more energy ~105 x larger

  7. “optimistic scenario” plasma? lasers? future energy

  8. hadron colliders Tevatron & RHIC are operating; LHC starts in 2008 R&D: Tevatron upgrades (4.3 MeV e-cooling!) RHIC upgrades (stochastic cooling, 54 MeV e-cooling, luminosity↑ x10; eRHIC) LHC upgrades (luminosity & energy)

  9. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) proton-proton collider next energy-frontier discovery machine c.m. energy 14 TeV (7x Tevatron) design luminosity 1034 cm-2s-1 (~100x Tevatron) start of beam commissioning in 2008 LHC baseline luminosity was pushed in competition with SSC

  10. three LHC challenges • collimation & machine protection - damage, quenches, cleaning efficiency, impedance • electron cloud - heat load, instabilities, emittance growth • beam-beam interaction -head-on, long-range, weak-strong, strong-strong

  11. electron cloud in the LHC schematic of e- cloud build up in the arc beam pipe, due to photoemissionand secondary emission [F. Ruggiero]

  12. long-range beam-beam 30 long-range collisions per IP, 120 in total

  13. crossing angle “Piwinski angle” qc/2 luminosity reduction factor nominalLHC effective beam size s→s/Rf

  14. stronger triplet magnets optional Q0 quad’s D0 dipole small-angle crab cavity ultimate bunches + near head-on collision LHC upgrade path 1: early separation (ES) • ultimate LHC beam (1.7x1011 protons/bunch, 25 spacing) • squeeze b* to ~10 cm in ATLAS & CMS • add early-separation dipoles in detectors starting at ~ 3 m from IP • possibly also add quadrupole-doublet inside detector at ~13 m from IP • and add crab cavities (fPiwinski~ 0) → new hardware inside ATLAS & CMS detectors, first hadron-beam crab cavities J.-P. Koutchouk

  15. LHC upgrade path 2: large Piwinski angle (LPA) • double bunch spacing to 50 ns, longer & more intense bunches with fPiwinski~ 2 • b*~25 cm, do not add any elements inside detectors • long-range beam-beam wire compensation → novel operating regime for hadron colliders larger-aperture triplet magnets wire compensator fewer, long & intense bunches + nonzero crossing angle + wire compensation

  16. luminosity for operation near beam-beam limit with alternating planes of crossing at two IPs ↑ LPA ↑ ES ↑↑ LPA ↑ LPA ↓ ES ↓ LPA ↓↓ ES ↓ LPA where (DQbb) = total beam-beam tune shift; peak luminosity with respect to “ultimate” LHC in two scenarios: “ES”: x 6 x 1.3 x 0.86 = 6.7 “LPA”: ½ x2 x2.9x1.3 x1.4 = 5.3 what matters is the integrated luminosity PAF/POFPA Meeting 20 November 2006

  17. IP1& 5 luminosity evolution for ES and LPA scenarios ES LPA average luminosity initial luminosity peak may not be useful for physics (set up & tuning?) PAF/POFPA Meeting 20 November 2006

  18. IP1& 5 event pile up for ES and LPA scenario LPA ES PAF/POFPA Meeting 20 November 2006

  19. experiments prefer more constant luminosity, less pile up at the start of run, higher luminosity at end how could we achieve this? ES: dynamic b squeeze dynamic q change (either IP angle bumps or varying crab voltage) LPA: dynamic b squeeze, and/or dynamic reduction in bunch length luminosity leveling “equivalent” of top-up injection in e+e- colliders PAF/POFPA Meeting 20 November 2006

  20. LHC injector upgrade • needed for ultimate LHC beam • reduced turn around time & higher integrated luminosity • 4x1011 protons spaced by 25 ns (now ~1.5 1011) • beam production under study (various options) • 3 techniques forbunch flatteningavailable PAF/POFPA Meeting 20 November 2006

  21. CERN DG White Paper - LHC Injector Upgrade Proton flux / Beam power Linac4 Linac2 50 MeV 160 MeV PSB SPL’ RCPSB SPL 1.4 GeV ~ 5 GeV PS Linac4: PSB injector (160 MeV) SPL: Superconducting Proton Linac (~ 5 GeV) SPL’: RCPSB injector (0.16 to 0.4-1 GeV) RCPSB: Rapid Cycling PSB (0.4-1 to ~ 5 GeV) PS2: High Energy PS (~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz) PS2+:Superconducting PS (~ 5 to 50 GeV – 0.3 Hz) SPS+: Superconducting SPS (50 to1000 GeV) DLHC: “Double energy” LHC (1 to ~14 TeV) 26 GeV PS2 (PS2+) 40 – 60 GeV Output energy SPS SPS+ 450 GeV 1 TeV LHC DLHC 7 TeV ~ 14 TeV M. Benedikt, R. Garoby, CERN DG

  22. ultimate LHC “upgrade”: higher beam energy 7 TeV→14 (21) TeV? → R&D on stronger magnets proof-of principle & world record: 16 T at 4.2 K at LBNL (in 10 mm aperture), 2001. (S. Gourlay)

  23. proposed design of 24-T block-coil dipole for LHCenergy tripler P. McIntyre, Texas A&M, PAC’05 magnets are getting more efficient!

  24. e+e- colliders • VEPP-2000, 1x1 GeV; starting 2007? • DAFNE upgrade, 1x1 GeV; 2007 • … BEPC-II, CESR-c, PEP-II … • Super t-charm factory , 1x3.5 GeV, 2015? • KEKB→SuperKEKB, 3.5x8 GeV, ~2010 • SuperB, 4x7 GeV, ~2010 • ILC, 0.25x0.25 TeV, ~2020? • CLIC, 0.5x0.5 TeV→2.5x2.5 TeV, ~2023?

  25. DAFNE-upgrade: crab waist collisions M. Biagini, P. Raimondi, M. Zobov, et al like LHC LPA like LHC ES New!

  26. P. Raimondi, M. Zobov, et al

  27. M. Biagini, P. Raimondi, M. Zobov, et al

  28. KEKB : crab crossing since 02/07 K. Oide

  29. K. Oide

  30. 8GeV Positron beam 4.1 A 3.5GeV Electron beam 9.4 A higher beam currents smaller by*/smaller sz increased xy Super B Factory at KEK

  31. &/or SuperB & TAC SuperKEKB SuperB (Frascati)? ? TAC VEPP-2000

  32. TAC Turkic Accelerator Complex e- linac e+ storage ring S. Sultansoy et al linac-ring tau-charm-phi factory with L>1034 cm-2s-1, completion ~2015

  33. LHC-based ep collider(s) QCDE LHC CMS LHC-B ALICE ATLAS LEP-3 ILC-1

  34. pe collider based on LHC H. Aksakal S. Chattophadyay D. Schulte S. Sultansoy F. Zimmermann, et al F. Willeke J. Dainton M. Klein et al

  35. Linear Collider R&D • damping-ring prototype ATF at KEK achieves world’s smallest emittance beams; pioneered numerous diagnostics developments (laser wires, diffraction radiation, X-ray optics, interferometry, …) tuning & correction schemes trains young generation of accelerator physicists • final focus ATF-2 truly international project uses low-emittance beam extracted from ATF ring aims to produce 30 nm spot size with less than 5% orbit “jitter” test of diagnostics (nm-BPMs, spot-size monitors) test of feedbacks & stabilization schemes • polarized e+ source via Compton back-scattering (PosiPol collaboration)

  36. Accelerator Test Facility H. Hayano Damping ring ATF is the largest LC Test Facility E=1.28GeV Ne=1x1010 e-/bunch 1 ~ 20 bunches Rep=1.5Hz X emit=2.5E-6 mm ( at 0 intensity) Y emit=2.5E-8 mm ( at 0 intensity) ~ ILC emittance requirements Linac

  37. ATF demonstrated single bunch emittance gex~3.5-4.3 mm (1.4-1.7 nm) gey~13-18 nm (5-7 pm) at 8x109 e-/bunch CLIC target values gex~0.45 mm gey~3 nm at 2.5x109 e-/bunch ?

  38. polarized e+/e- source based on laser Compton back scattering • highly polarized e+ and e- (>90%); • fully independent e+ generation M. Kuriki, T. Omori, J. Urakawa, KEK K. Moenig, A. Variola, F. Zomer, LAL E. Bulyak, P. Gladkikh, NSC KIPT version 1: Compton e- ring

  39. polarized e+/e- source based on laser Compton back scattering M. Kuriki, T. Omori, J. Urakawa, KEK K. Moenig, A. Variola, F. Zomer, LAL E. Bulyak, P. Gladkikh, NSC KIPT • highly polarized e+ and e- (>90%); • fully independent e+ generation version 2: Compton ERL

  40. www of PosiPol R&D TAC M. Kuriki

  41. n factory: generic layout high-power proton source 24-GeV BNL AGS upgraded to 1-4 MW p beam power target Hg gas jet in 20-T solenoid cooling solid LiH absorbers; closed cavity aperture fast accelerations.c. linac, RLA, 2 non-scaling FFAGs decay storage ring D. Kaplan

  42. n-factory demonstration experiments targetry: mercury jet with 20 m/s speed will be tested in 15-T solenoid at CERN (nTOF11); instantaneous power deposition of 180 J/g ~ 4-MW p driver (2) cooling: ionization cooling experiment MICE at RAL;two solenoid tracking spectrometers; 2nd phase: one lattice cell of cooling channel installed between spectrometers; expected emittance reduction ~ 10% (3) acceleration: “scaling” or “non-scaling” fixed- field alternating gradient synchotrons (FFAGs)

  43. Recorded at 4kHz Replay at 20 Hz BNL AGS Proton beam 1 cm Hg jet v=2 m/s Proton beam on mercury Jet • Fabich • et al.

  44. Recorded at 4kHz Replay at 20 Hz BNL AGS Proton beam 1 cm Hg jet v=2 m/s proton beam on mercury jet Splash velocity max. 50 m/s • Fabich • et al.

  45. b beams • physics goals similar to n factory; b decay instead of m’s • nuclei that decay fast through atomic e- capture • (150Dy, 146Gd, etc.) →mono-energetic n beams • neutrino energy is Lorentz boosted: E=2gE0 • it is assumed that 1018n’s per year can be obtained, • e.g., at EURISOL -can profit from LHC injector upgrade! schematic of the proposed CERN part of a “CERN to Frejus” (130 km) EC n beam facility [J. Bernabeu et al.] alternative to n factory

  46. “table top” ion storage ring with ionization cooling producing intense beam of radioactive ions e.g., 1014 Li-8 ions/s applications: b beams, hadron therapy cooling & production C.Rubbia A.Ferrari Y. Kadi V.Vlachoudis 2006 circumference 4 m, kinetic energy 27 MeV rf voltage 300 kV

  47. how to go further?

  48. m collider R. Johnson, Y. Derbenev et al. low emittance from improved ionization cooling techniques 5 TeV: ~5 X 2.5 km footprint, 5-km total linac length high L from small emittance! 1/10 fewer muons than originally imagined: a) easier p driver, targetry b) less detector background c) less site boundary radiation At 2.5 TeV beam energy After: Precooling Basic HCC 6D Parametric-resonance IC Reverse Emittance Exchange εN tr εN long. 20,000 µm 10,000 µm 200 µm 100 µm 25 µm 100 µm 2 µm 2 cm 2.5 TeV / beam: 20 Hz Operation:

  49. plasma acceleration 2004 breakthrough in beam quality from laser- plasma acceleration next step: 1 GeV compact module, 100 TW laser, & plasma channel; LBNL, Strathclyde, Oxford, Paris J. Faure et al., C. Geddes et al., S. Mangles et al. , 3 articles in Nature 30 September 2004

  50. principle: plasma can sustain high accelerating gradients ~10-100 GV/m plasma excitation by laser plasma excitation by drive bunch P. Muggli W. Lu, B. Cros

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