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INDIA

INDIA. Chapter 4 and 9. INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATION. One of the first 4 river civilizations Bigger in size than Mesopotamia and Egypt Language is still undeciphered

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INDIA

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  1. INDIA Chapter 4 and 9

  2. INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATION • One of the first 4 river civilizations • Bigger in size than Mesopotamia and Egypt • Language is still undeciphered • Planned cities - Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro; walled, designed in a grid patter, steets, marketplaces temples, rich and poor sections; rich had indoor showers and toilets • Cultivated cotton; wove cotton cloth • Traded with Mesopotamia & Persia • Polytheistic -- images of Shiva; probably the beginning of Hinduism

  3. INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATION • Civilization went into decline in 2000 B.C.E.; by 1900 B.C.E. cities were abandoned • Causes unknown; probably environmental • By 1500 B.C.E. the civilization had collapsed • People survived as cattle herders

  4. ARYANS • Nomads who would settle in the Indus Valley • Indo-European origin • Moved into India through the Khyber Pass around 1700 B.C.E. (Hindu Kush Mts.) • Mixed with the native Indians • Written about in the Vedas (collection of sacred hymns, songs, prayers and rituals) • Patriarchal; polytheistic

  5. ARYANS • Social Structure became the basis of the caste system in India • Varnas - four social classes based on occupation • Brahmins (scholars and priests) • Ksatriyas (ruling and warrior class) • Vaiyas (professional class) • Shudras (servant class) • Untouchables added to the system later! • Not supposed to intermarry among the varnas!

  6. ARYANS • Religion • Polytheistic • Believed in reincarnation • Recorded their beliefs in the Vedas and Upanishads which would become the basis for Hinduism

  7. Mauryan Empire • Alexander the Great continued into India after defeating the Persians, but later withdrew from India • Aryan culture had spread from the Indus to the Ganges; but there will small kingdoms that fought with each other; no centralized ruler

  8. Mauryan Empire • Chandragupta Maurya stepped in to fill the vacuum left by Alexander • He unified the Aryan kingdoms into 1 civilization • His grandson Ashoka would continue his rule and bring the empire to new heights

  9. Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 BCE • Unified northern India. • Defeated the Persian general Seleucus. • Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement. • He feared assassination [like Saddam Hussein]  food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc. • 301 BCE  gave up his throne & became a Jain.

  10. The Maurya Empire 321 BCE – 185 BCE

  11. Kautilya • Chandragupta’s advisor. • Brahmin caste. • Wrote The Treatise on Material Gain or theArthashastra. • A guide for the king and his ministers: • Supports royal power. • The great evil in society is anarchy. • Therefore, a single authority is needed to employ force when necessary!

  12. Asoka (304 – 232 BCE) • Religious conversion after the gruesome battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE. • Dedicated his life to Buddhism. • Built extensive roads. • Conflict how to balance Kautilya’s methods of keeping power and Buddha’s demands to become a selfless person?

  13. Asoka’s Empire

  14. The empire was wealthy because of trade Cotton, silk and elephants Traded with Mesopotamia and the Eastern Roman empire Powerful military Bureaucracy; taxes ;roads, hospitals; and rest houses to encourage trade routes After a bloody, violent victory at Kalinga Ashoka converted to Buddhism He preached non-violence & moderation He lead by moral example Rock & Pillar Edicts - told people in his empire to live generous and righteous lives Buddhism began to spread in India ASHOKA

  15. Asoka’s law code • Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. • Written mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic. • 10 rock edicts. • Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high. • Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

  16. One of Asoka’sStupas

  17. WomenUnder anAsokatree

  18. Turmoil & a power Vacuum:220 BCE – 320 CE Tamils The Maurya Empire is divided into many kingdoms.

  19. Gupta Empire:320 CE – 647 CE

  20. Gupta Rulers • Chandra GuptaI • r. 320 – 335 CE • “Great King of Kings” • Chandra Gupta II • r. 375 - 415 CE • Profitable trade with the Mediterranean world! • Hindu revival. • Huns invade – 450 CE

  21. Fa-Hsien: Life in Gupta India • Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c. • He was following the path of the Buddha. • He reported the people to be happy, relatively free of government oppression, and inclined towards courtesy and charity. Other references in the journal, however, indicate that the caste system was rapidly assuming its basic features, including "untouchability," the social isolation of a lowest class that is doomed to menial labor.

  22. Under Gupta, Hinduism became the dominant religion and Buddhism all but disappeared Caste system became more rigid; Brahmins became more powerful Women: forbidden from reading sacred prayers or studying religion; subject to supervision of fathers, husbands and sons; no property rights; child marriages GUPTA EMPIRE

  23. Chandra Gupta 11

  24. International Trade Routes during the Guptas

  25. Extensive Trade:4c spices silks cotton goods spices rice & wheat horses gold & ivory gold & ivory cotton goods

  26. Kalidasa • The greatest of Indian poets. • His most famous play was Shakuntala. • During the reign of Chandra Gupta II.

  27. GuptaArt Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & architecture.

  28. Gupta Achievements 1000 diseasesclassified 500 healingplants identified Printedmedicinal guides Kalidasa Literature PlasticSurgery Medicine GuptaIndia Inoculations C-sectionsperformed SolarCalendar Astronomy Mathematics DecimalSystem The earthis round PI = 3.1416 Conceptof Zero

  29. The Decline of the Guptas • Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them. • Economic problems due to powerful regions in the empire; cost of defending against Huns was high, and couldn’t collect enough taxes • After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.

  30. HINDUISM • Only major polytheistic religion to survive over time • No “Mr. Hindu” - a belief system that evolved over time • Supreme force = Brahma = creator who is in all things • Hindu goal = merge with Brahma (moshka); takes many lifetimes

  31. Brahman is the one main god • Represents a single force in the universe • Many smaller deities • Brahma - creator who continues to create • Vishnu – the preserver • Shiva – the destroyer • There are no prophets • Holy Readings: • Vedas • Bhagavad Gita • Upanishads • Epics of Ramayana and Mahabhrata

  32. HINDUISM • Dharma - duty to perform in life); determined by birth and state in life (your caste) • Follow the dharma, you get good karma • Karma = sum of all good and bad deeds performed • Samsara – circle of life, death and rebirth that continues until you reach moksha • Moksha = highest state of being; one with Brahma; internal peace; soul is released

  33. Buddhism Fast Facts Was the Buddha considered a God? He was not, nor did he claim to be. He was a man who taught a path to enlightenment from his own experience. Is Buddhism a Religion? • Buddhism is more of a philosophy or 'way of life than religion • to lead a moral life • to be mindful and aware of your thoughts and actions • to develop wisdom and understanding What is Buddhism? Who started it?..............Siddhartha Gotama (Buddha) What does it mean?......'budhi', 'to awaken'. When did it start?..........2,500 years ago How many people?……300 million What is the holy book?..Tripitaka When is worship?..........2x Daily: home, temple, & monastery Buddhist holidays?........Theravada (Lunar New year-April), Vaisakha –Buddha’s Birth/death/ enlightenment day Dalai Lama Spiritual Leader Buddhist statues Who Was the Buddha? Siddhartha Gotama was born into a royal family in what is now Nepal, in 563 BC. At 29, he realized that wealth and luxury did not guarantee happiness, so he explored the different teachings religions and philosophies of the day, to find the key to human happiness. After six years of study and meditation he finally found 'the middle path' and was enlightened. After enlightenment, the Buddha spent the rest of his life teaching the principles of Buddhism - called the Dhamma, or Truth - until his death at the age of 80.

  34. The Eight-fold Path 1. Right View Wisdom 2. Right Intention 3. Right Speech Ethical Conduct 4. Right Action 5. Right Livelihood 6. Right Effort Mental Development 7. Right Mindfulness 8. Right Concentration What is Nirvana? Escape from the samsara. Good Karma, can end the cycle of samsara and achieve pure enlightenment or Nirvana. The wheel of life, or "samsara", is an ancient symbol that symbolizes the cycle of birth, life, and death. When one revolution is completed, life begins again with rebirth. • Life means suffering. • Suffering is caused by desire • One can be freed of this desire. • Eight-fold path- follow to be free of desire What is the holy book? The sacred book of Buddhism, written in Pali, is called the Tipitaka. The Tripitaka is a very large book. The English translation of it takes up nearly forty volumes. The 4 Noble Truths What are the 5 Precepts? • The moral code within Buddhism. • Not to take the life of anything living • Not to take anything not freely given • To abstain from sexual misconduct and sensual overindulgence • To refrain from untrue speech • Avoid intoxication; losing mindfulness.

  35. SPREAD OF HINDUISM & BUDDHISM • Christianity will spread along the Roman Roads • Hinduism and Buddhism spread into Southeast Asia through the Silk Roads

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