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Toward an American Empire

Toward an American Empire. The U.S. Looks Outward, Beyond North America. U.S. expansion shifts after 1890 & the defeat of the Plains Indians Strategically placed islands taken, initially intended as colonies. Catching the Spirit of Empire. Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years

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Toward an American Empire

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  1. Toward an American Empire

  2. The U.S. Looks Outward, Beyond North America • U.S. expansion shifts after 1890 & the defeat of the Plains Indians • Strategically placed islands taken, initially intended as colonies

  3. Catching the Spirit of Empire • Domestic concerns dominated the post-Civil War years • But the1870s brought new interest in areas beyond U.S. boundaries

  4. Reasons for Expansion • Expansion abroad sought to gain markets • Evolutionary ideas encouraged expansion to give “guidance” to native peoples elsewhere • Missionary spirit (see Josiah Strong's popular Our Country, published in 1885)

  5. Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867-1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: Alaska, Midway Islands • Efforts to erode European influence in Latin America • Diversion of Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties • U.S. support of Venezuela against Great Britain

  6. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa • 1875--U.S. allows free importation of Hawaiian sugar • Queen Liliuokalani retaliates for McKinley Tariff, attempts to reduce U.S. influence • 1893--American settlers pull off coup • 1898--Hawaii made U.S. possession • 1872--U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa • 1899--U.S. shares control with Germany

  7. Hawaiian & Samoan Islands

  8. The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argues that overseas markets are essential for industrial surpluses • Large merchant marine, strong navy needed • 1889--Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervises a program of naval construction  CARNEGIE’S INVOLVEMENT • U.S. gains offensive capability at sea

  9. War with Spain • The war increased overseas possessions • It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power” • Many more Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

  10. For Some, A War for Principle • February, 1895--rebellion in Cuba • "Yellow press" whips up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence • McKinley gains Spanish concessions • February, 1898--explosion of the Maine • April 19--Congress declares Cuba independent • April 25--U.S. declares war on Spain

  11. "A Splendid Little War" • U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

  12. Race & the War • African Americans serve in army Guard units • Black troops resist segregation • African American soldiers win 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor • Overt racism in Philippines

  13. The Course of the War • May 1--Commodore George Dewey captures Manila Bay • June--Cuba invaded • July--Puerto Rico occupied • August 13--Philippines surrender

  14. Spanish-American War: Pacific Theater

  15. Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater

  16. Acquisition of Empire • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • December 1898--Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

  17. The Treaty of Paris • Debate over annexation of the Philippines • Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League • February, 1899--ratification of peace treaty makes U.S. a colonizing nation

  18. American Empire, 1900

  19. Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • 1898-1901--Emilio Aguinaldo leads Philippine independence movement • “Water Treatment” • 1901--U.S. replaces military with civil rule • local self-government permitted • schedule established for independence • July 4, 1946--Philippine independence

  20. World Colonial Empires, 1900

  21. Governing the U.S. Empire • Supreme Court permits selective application of Constitution to new territories • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U.S. citizens • Navy controls Guam • Cuban constitution ends U.S. occupation, but: • Platt Amendment gives U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

  22. The Open Door • March, 1900--"Open Door" policy in China • no European nation should carve out a sphere of influence in China and exclude others from trading in the area • Policy opens the potential for later conflict with expansion-minded powers in Pacific

  23. Outcome of the War with Spain • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero • Re-establishes Republicans as majority party • U.S. soldiers stationed outside the country

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