LIS 512: Introduction to Knowledge Organisation April 22 , 2008

1. Week 14: Conceptual Bibliographic Structures: FRBR, RDA, CIDOC, CRM LIS 512: Introduction to Knowledge OrganisationApril 22, 2008 Margaret Kipp margaret.kipp@gmail.com http://myweb.liu.edu/~mkipp/

2. Week 14 • Readings: • Taylor, Chapter 12 • Tillet, Barbara. 2004. What is FRBR?: A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe. http://www.loc.gov/cds/FRBR.html • Course Notes: • http://myweb.liu.edu/~mkipp/512/512week14.html

3. Arrangement and Display • used to be called shelving and filing • traditionally referred to shelving books and filing cards • books are still shelved as are CDs, DVDs and other non book media • catalogue information must still be displayed and even electronic material needs to be arranged

4. Modern Arrangement and Display • How are/could/should information packages be arranged? • How are/could surrogate records be arranged and displayed? • How is/can categorisation be used in the arrangement and display of information packages and surrogate records? • What is the significance of arrangment and display in an electronic environment? From Taylor p. 331 with modifications

5. Arrangement of Physical Information Packages (Shelving)‏ • initially this involved arranging books and other print material, now libraries also need to arrange CDs, DVDs and other non book media like kits • arrangement usually involves placing items on the shelf in numeric (or alphabetic) order by call number, in fiction sections this is alphabetical by author last name

6. Shelving, Call Numbers and Cutter Numbers • call numbers usually consist of a class number (e.g. DDC or LCC), a cutter number or book number representing main entry and potentially a work number representing multiple works by an author • other arrangements: • alphabetical (fiction, etc.)‏ • accession order (in archives, museums, a number representing the order of acquisition)‏ • fixed location numbers

7. More Arrangement • different areas of the library • reference collection • fiction section and non fiction section • DVDs and CDS and video tapes • magazines and serials • children's, YA and adult sections • course reserves • while each may follow similar arrangement rules, they are shelved separately (due to differences in size, etc)‏

8. Electronic Arrangement • does arrangement matter in an electronic environment? • theoretically, material can be stored in any order and retrieved via search • but, search can be frustrating unless you remember where you stored the item or how you stored the item • so, electronic arrangement is a serious issue (often done by accession number)‏

9. Arrangement of Surrogates • similar issues to arrangement of documents • electronic surrogates stored by accession number, can be sorted or searched • items must still be arranged and displayed for human use • display consists of use of named fields representing MARC numbers • arrangement can be alphabetical by author, title, etc. by unique number (call number, ISBN), etc.

10. Arrangement and Display Issues • lack of access to thesaurus • typos • typo can guarantee access failures, some systems try to guess (e.g. Google)‏ • how to sort? • word by word or letter by letter? • key question, does space matter (New York or Newark first?)‏ • how to arrange various versions of McNames • Articles (the) and multilingual documents

11. Arrangement and Display Issues 2 • machine arrangement is letter by letter, this is not always good since 10 files directly after 1, where humans would place it after 9 • historical filing by date/activity • computer would sort by date then activity rather than interfiling since it does not know history • other issues include: • short forms (e.g. & for and), abbreviations (e.g. St. for Saint), alternate forms

12. Bibliographic Relationships • bibliographic relationships seem simple enough at first • each bibliographic record or document surrogate represents a document • however, within each document surrogate are individual entities which are somewhat less clear cut • as well, how should a document surrogate handle different forms of a work? • how should it handle related works?

13. MARC Record • A bibliographic record or surrogate record is a record representing one item (a book, a DVD, a toy)‏ • 100 1 Ranganathan, S. R.$q(Shiyali Ramamrita),$d1892-1972. • 245 10 Impact of growth in the universe of subjects on classification /$cby S. R. Ranganathan.$aRanganathan, the man and his works... • 260 Copenhagen :$bDanish Centre for Documentation,$c1972. • ...

14. Many entities are combined on catalogue card, e.g. Title and Statement of Responsibility.

15. Entities in Information Retrieval and Knowledge Organisation • Entity • an object that can be retrieved or stored • a basic or ground level object • e.g. author, title, document • Relationship • a link between entities • e.g. a document has an author • a document has a title

16. Entity-Relationship Model • a model used in many databases consisting of entities and their associated relationships • creates a set of interlinked tables to limit duplication of information • each row consists of data about a specific instance while columns represent individual entities that are relevant. • e.g. book table contains rows (info. About a specific book) and columns (entities like author, title, etc.)‏

17. ER Models 2 • ER models are a set of structured relationships (like RDF triples)‏ • entity is something that can be identified, like a book • entities have attributes (which can also be entities) such as a title, an author, a publisher • relationship is simply an association between entities

18. ER Models 3 • e.g: Jasper Fforde <is the author of> First Among Sequels. Jasper Fforde is a personal name, First Among Sequels is a title. These two entities are related by the relationships "is the author of." • (could also be written as First Among Sequels <was written by> Jasper Fforde) • personal name and title would only be stored once and references placed where required (e.g. author list, subject list, title list -- biography)‏

19. ER Models 4 Book Table • e.g. repetition of publisher's location • ER Model would place this separately in a publisher table and simply refer to this table, where needed Publisher Table

20. ER Models 5 Tables linked by Publisher relationship Book Entity Title Author Publisher Date Subject Publisher Entity Publisher Location URL Established Editor in Chief Queries would use this link to join the tables for retrieval.

21. Documentary Entities • Text - set of words that constitute a writing • Document - physical container (an "item") on which a text is recorded • Work - set of ideas created, probably (but not necessarily) set into a document using text, with the intention of being communicated to a receiver, must be an integral text (annotations, etc are not considered a work) - intellectual content

22. Works, Texts and Documents • Important distinction in electronic text • Work as a webpage, a PDF, in print, etc. • all of these versions of the paper have the same intellectual content, they are simply different physical instantiations • documents contain the instantiation of a work • documentary entity has two properties, one physical (the container or carrier), one intellectual (the work)‏

23. Item-Work Dichotomy • Because the material book embodies and represents the intellectual work, the two have come to be confused ... Thus catalogers refer to the author and title of a book instead of, more accurately, to the author of the work and the title of the book embodying it. • -- Seymour Lubetzky • Lubetzky insisted that cataloguing be formalised rather than adhoc

24. Item-Work 2 • this separation between items and works becomes a little more obvious with electronic resources • the music file on a CD can be moved from a CD to a computer to a portable music player, the music is still the same, but has been moved to a different physical format or container

25. 100 1 Ranganathan, S. R.$q(Shiyali Ramamrita),$d1892-1972. • 245 10 Impact of growth in the universe of subjects on classification/$cby S. R. Ranganathan. $aRanganathan... • 260 Copenhagen :$bDanish Centre for Documentation, $c1972. • 300 20, [10] p. :$bill. ;$c30 cm. • 500 "Ranganathan memorial issue." • 504 Includes bibliographical references. • 600 10 Ranganathan, S. R.$q(Shiyali Ramamrita), $d1892-1972 $vBibliography. • 650 0 Classification $xBooks. • 700 1 Palmer, B.$q(Bernard Ira),$d1910-$tRanganathan, the man and his works. • Red (underline): work data, Blue (bold): item data, Purple (italic): overlap • There is quite a bit of redundancy in this record, especially in the recording of access points.

26. Relationship Taxonomies • Equivalence Relationship (between exact copies of a document)‏ • Derivative Relationships (e.g. editions, translations and other instantiations of a work, sometimes called horizontal relationships)‏ • Descriptive Relationships (e.g. the book and its review)‏

27. Relationship Taxonomies 2 • Whole-Part Relationships (e.g., an article and the journal in which it appears, a relationships between a whole and its components, also called vertical relationships)‏ • Accompanying Relationships (e.g. a book and an accompanying CD)‏ • Sequential Relationships (e.g. items in a series)‏

28. Relationship Taxonomies 3 • Shared Characteristic Relationships (e.g. items published by the same publisher, items with the same colour cover, etc.)‏ • -- From Tillett, Barbara Ann Barnett. 1987. Bibliographic relationships: Toward a conceptual structure of bibliographic information used in cataloging. Ph.D. diss., Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of California, Los Angeles.

29. Taxonomy of Derivative Relationships • Simultaneous derivations. (e.g. British and American editions of the same work, there may be minor differences for example in spelling)‏ • Successive derivations. (e.g. revisions or editions of a work)‏ • Translations, including those that also include the original text

30. Derivative Relationships 2 • Amplifications, including only illustrated texts, musical settings, and criticisms, concordances, and commentaries that include the original text • Extractions, including abridgments, condensations, and excerpts • Adaptations, including simplifications, screenplays, librettos, arrangements of musical works, and other modifications

31. Derivative Relationships 3 • Performances, including sound or visual (i.e., film or video) recordings • -- From Smiraglia, Richard P. 1994. Derivative bibliographic relationships: Linkages in the bibliographic universe. In Navigating the networks: Proceedings of the ASIS Mid-Year Meeting, ed. by D. L. Andersen, T. J. Galvin and M. D. Giguere. Medford, NJ: American Society for Information Science: 167- 83.

32. Defining the Work • A work, is one property of a documentary entity. • A work, at a basic level, is a deliberately created knowledge-record representing a coordinated set of ideas (i.e., ideational content) that is conveyed through text (semantic content) with the purpose of being communicated to a consumer. • A document may contain one or more works, and a work may exist on one or more documents.

33. RDA (Resource Description and Access)‏ • Revision of AACR2 • a tool for creating well formed metadata • this is AACR3 in development • http://collectionscanada.ca/jsc/rda.html • RDA will have two distinct sections like AACR2R • Part 1: Description (bibliographic records)‏ • Part 2: Access Points (authority records)‏http://collectionscanada.ca/jsc/rda.html

34. RDA 2 • The first part of RDA will use FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) as the standard for deciding what elements need to be included in a description. • The second part will use FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data) to define authority data and authority control concepts.

35. RDA Records • RDA will describe the work and provide access for the item • currently, AACR2R describes the item(s) to provide access to the work • in theory this would simplify records and group items with the same intellectual content • i.e. grouping: the book, audio book, braille book, large print book, ebook, etc.

36. RDA Records 2 • Instead of storing all data about an item and a work, individual records would simply point to the work record for authority information and provide a few details about the specific format of the item in an item record. • e.g. instead of a separate record for every different version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets: one work record with links to simplified item records

37. RDA Formatting • RDA will strictly separate the recording of data and the presentation • AACR2R mixes these with its ISBD style punctuation (. -- separator between areas)‏ • RDA will strictly separate fields as well • e.g. title and statement of responsibility will be two fields in RDA

38. RDA Mandatory Data Elements • Identification of the resource • Title proper • variant titles • statement of responsibility • edition • numbering • publisher • publication date(s)‏

39. Dublin Core Data Elements (for comparison)‏ • title • creator • subject and keywords • description (abstract or summary)‏ • publisher • contributors

40. Major differences between RDA and AACR2 • instructions for description are not subdivided by type or format of the item but by the data element being described (i.e. all information on titles is in one area)‏ • RDA does not subdivide information using the 8 areas of ISBD • RDA does not specify how to format the description only what elements are required

41. FRBR • FRBR - Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records • IFLA prototype ER model for cataloguing - uses item-work dichotomy • 3 groups of entities: • group 1: describe the content of a typical bibliographic record • group 2: intellectual attribution (persons and corporate bodies)‏ • group 3: describe content, object, event and place (subject and form descriptors)‏

42. FRBR - Hierarchy of Documentary Entities • item - a particular copy of a book • manifestation - the book in general, any one copy of this would be an item • expression - translations or adaptations would be expressions • work - the intellectual content as developed by the author • from: http://www.loc.gov/cds/downloads/FRBR.PDF

43. FRBR in Use • Not yet fully implemented, but LibraryThing uses FRBR concepts to record bibliographic records • Under the details link, LibraryThing provides separate records for the work and the book: • http://www.librarything.com/work/584421/details/27946782 • This actually incorrectly groups the books under the English translation

44. Future of Cataloguing • involves the capturing of more and more varied levels of metadata and of relationships between items (and works)‏ • subject mapping and tagging (e.g. UPenn) allow for the display and creation of additional relationships between items and RDA will increase support for additional access points • Clustering and citation analysis create trails of author and user associations