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Multi- Store Model of Memory. By Anna Sanzone, Amy Lowe, Paige Eedle. . Introduction . This presentation is going to be about the multi store model of memory we are going to share our knowledge with you on what we know.
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Multi- Store Model of Memory By Anna Sanzone, Amy Lowe, Paige Eedle.
Introduction This presentation is going to be about the multi store model of memory we are going to share our knowledge with you on what we know. We will cover most of the model and provide as much information as we can. The multi store model has a wide range of stores three main ones are the sensory memory, short- term memory and the long term memory.
sensory memory This is the first port of call for information. It gets its name from the fact that the information it recieves is sensual (visual, auditary, smell, touch). The encoding (type of information) is either iconic or echoic (see below). The capacity is said to be vast but the duration however is only 0.25 to 2 seconds. Iconic storage is for visual information, you can see the iconic storage in your sensory memory by closing your eyes, and for a very brief moment you will see an 'after image' of what you were looking at. Another store in sensory memory is echoic storage which is auditory or sound information.
short- term memory Short term memory is much smaller than you might think, only lasting up to 30 seconds and having a capacity of 7 +/- 2 (seven plus or minus two, i.e. 5-9) items. And the encoding is mainly visual and acoustic. However, we can often hold much larger amounts of information in a process known as chunking whereby the information is consolidated into 'chunks' of information. In the example below, you will be able to remember the bottom row of acronyms but remembering exactly the same information individaully (as on the first row) is much harder.
Primacy recency effect What the results show is that recall of the first and last words are best, whereas recall for the middle is poor. However when the distraction is used then recall of the last words is just as bad as the middle This is because in immeadiate recall the first words are in the long term memory because they have been rehearsed and the last words are still in the short term memory. The words in the middle are less well recalled because you were too busy rehearsing the first to remember them well. The after distraction task proves the last are remembered well because of loss from short term memory because the distraction stops rehearsal and provides a time break. So recall of the last words is poor since it has been lost from memory because it hasn't got to long term memory and is Displaced from short term memory. displaced from short term memory.
The multi store model The Basic Model The above diagram represents the model. It consists of three basic stores: sensory, short-term and long-term memory. And the process by which information is passed to each store is also shown. Information can also be lost from each point.
Strengths and weaknesses of the multi store model. Strengths Many memory studies provide evidence to support the distinction between STM and LTM (in terms of encoding, duration and capacity). The model can account for primacy & regency effects. The model is influential as it has generated a lot of research into memory. The model is supported by studies of amnesiacs: For example the HM case study. HM is still alive but has marked problems in long-term memory after brain surgery. He has remembered little of personal (death of mother and father) or public events ( Watergate , Vietnam War) that have occurred over the last 45 years. However his short-term memory remains intact. Weaknesses The model is oversimplified, in particular when it suggests that both short-term and long-term memory each operate in a single, uniform fashion. We now know is this not the case. It has now become apparent that both short-term and long-term memory are more complicated that previously thought. For example, the Working Model of Memory proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) showed that short term memory is more than just one simple unitary store and comprises different components (e.g. central executive, visuo-spatial etc.). In the case of long-term memory, it is unlikely that different kinds of knowledge, such as remembering how to play a computer game, the rules of subtraction and remembering what we did yesterday are all stored within a single, long-term memory store. Indeed different types of long-term memory have been identified, namely episodic (memories of events), procedural (knowledge of how to do things) and semantic (general knowledge). The model suggests rehearsal helps to transfer information into LTM but this is not essential. Why are we able to recall information which we did not rehearse (e.g. swimming) yet unable to recall information which we have rehearsed (e.g. reading your notes while revising). Therefore, the role of rehearsal as a means of transferring from STM to LTM is much less important than Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) claimed in their model. However, the models main emphasis was on structure and tends to neglect the process elements of memory (e.g. it only focuses on attention and rehearsal).
