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Chapter 23 : The Globalization of Terrorism

Chapter 23 : The Globalization of Terrorism. All terrorist acts are crimes, but not all crimes are terrorist acts. What is the difference ?. What is meant by “terrorism as theatre ”?. Audience is beyond the victims Spectacular events attract media attention Psychological impact

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Chapter 23 : The Globalization of Terrorism

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  1. Chapter 23 : The Globalization of Terrorism

  2. All terrorist acts are crimes, but not all crimes are terrorist acts. What is the difference?

  3. What is meant by “terrorism as theatre”? • Audience is beyond the victims • Spectacular events attract media attention • Psychological impact • It is a carefully staged & often well thought out act in which the symbolism is very important • Publicize the existence of the cause • Broadcast a revolutionary message • Cause widespread fear and anxiety • Provoke a strong response in order to bring people to their cause

  4. Terrorism experts suggest that changing communications technology has fundamentally altered the nature of terrorism twice since the late 1960s. What is the nature of these two technological changes? How has terrorism changed as a result? Why are these changes undesirable? • Global Village • The advent of satellite TV transmissions allowed the viewing of live events from across the world in real time. 1968 Munich Olympics allowed the world to witness a terrorist attack by the PLO and the subsequent hostage drama involving the Israeli Olympic team.

  5. Terrorism experts suggest that changing communications technology has fundamentally altered the nature of terrorism twice since the late 1960s. What is the nature of these two technological changes? How has terrorism changed as a result? Why are these changes undesirable?

  6. The rise of the internet in the 1990s , with its focus on the free exchange of information without censorship has provided an international audience for freedom movement, terrorist groups etc.. manifestos, bomb making how-to-manuals, videos of speeches, attacks, executions, can all be found quite easily on the internet.

  7. This has attracted many disaffected individuals and has increased the ranks of many of these organizations. • Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) • Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) • Al Jihad (AJ) • Al-Murabitoun • Al-Muwaqi'unBilDima • Al Qaida • Al Qaida in Iraq (AQI) • Al Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) • Al Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) • Al Shabaab • Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade (AAMB) • Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (AGAI) • Al-Ittihad Al-Islam (AIAI) • Ansar al-Islam (AI) • Armed Islamic Group (GIA) • Asbat Al-Ansar (AAA) (The League of Partisans) • AumShinrikyo • AutodefensasUnidas de Colombia (AUC) • BabbarKhalsa International (BKI) • BokoHaram • Caucasus Emirate • Ejército de LiberaciónNacional (ELN) • Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) • Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) • GulbuddinHekmatyar • GulbuddinHekmatyar's Faction of the Hezb-e Islami, Hezb-e IslamiGulbuddin (HIG) • Hamas (Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamiya) (Islamic Resistance Movement) • Haqqani Network • Harakatul-Mudjahidin (HuM) • Hizballah • International Relief Fund for the Afflicted and Needy - Canada • International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) • Islamic Army of Aden (IAA) • Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) • Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' Qods Force • Jabhat Al-Nusra • Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) • JemaahIslamiyyah (JI) • KahaneChai (KACH) • Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) • Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ) • Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT) • Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) • Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa • Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) • Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC) • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) • SenderoLuminoso (SL) • Taliban • Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) • Vanguards of Conquest (VOC) • World Tamil Movement (WTM)

  8. Using specific examples, explain the difference between a freedom fighter and a terrorist. Why is it sometimes difficult to make this distinction? • It is a point of view question in many ways • Government under attack will call them terrorists • The supporters of the attackers will see it as a freedom issue • One suggestion is that freedom fighters target exclusively government entities and avoid civilians

  9. Menachem Begin • Leader of Irgun – 1940 blew up the King David Hotel • Leader of Israel – 1978 received the Nobel Peace Prize for signingpeace accord withEgyptwith Anwar Sadat

  10. Menachem Begin

  11. Yasser Arafat • Leader of Palestinian Liberation Organization – many terrorist acts 70s – 80s • Leader of the Palestinian Authority – 1994 Winner of Nobel Peace Prize (with Shimon Perez and Yitzhak Rabin)

  12. Another determining factor is “who wins” Nelson Mandela • 1988 – African National Congress – U.S. and South African Government consider a terrorist organization • 1993 – Nelson Mandela leader of ANC wins NPP • 2001 – Nelson Mandela becomes honorary Canadian Citizen

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