计算机专业英语 Computer English

计算机专业英语 Computer English 高等学校精品规划教材主编：支丽平出版社：中国水利水电出版社任课教师：张弛湖南城市学院计算机科学系

教学目标 教学内容 Unit 4 Network Technique

了解计算机网络的发展史 理解网络安全的相关理论了解虚拟化技术掌握电子商务的相关技术了解目前已经广泛使用的局域网技术教学目标

Text 1 Evolution of computer networks Text 2 Network Security Text 3 Virtualization Technology Text 4 Electronic Commerce Text 5 LAN-Cruising 教学内容

Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

The term network can mean many different things. It can imply an interconnection of railway tracks for the rail network; highways and streets for transportation networks; telephone lines and switching centers for the phone network; coaxial lines for the cable television network; fiber lines for cable communications networks; or the interconnection of service centers, businesses, and so on to form a network. All of these configurations refer to the means to tie together various resources so that they may operate as a group, realizing the benefits of numbers, sharing, and communications in such a group. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

In computer systems terminology of a network is a combination of interconnected computing equipment and programs used for moving information (and computations) between points (nodes) in the network where it may be generated, processed, stored, or used in whatever manner is deemed appropriate. The interconnection may take on many forms, such as dedicated links, shared links, telephone lines, microwave links, and satellite links. Networks in this sense form a loose coalition of devices that share information. This was one of the first uses of a network, although it was not the last. Users found that the network could offer more than just information sharing; it could offer other services for remote job execution and ultimately distributed computing. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

The earliest concept of a network was of a loose binding together of devices or resources for sharing. An early computer network that exhibited these traits was the ARPANET. ARPANET was first brought on-line in 1969 as a research tool to investigate long-haul network issues and to provide a tool for research and development solutions. It has evolved into the Internet, connecting millions of computers over local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and other wide area networks. ARPANET provided the vehicle for early research into communications protocols dealing with congestion, control, routing, addressing, remote invocation, distributed computing, distributed operating systems and services, and many other areas. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

The reasons for using networks such as ARPANET were to provide greater availability and access to a wider range of devices. Early applications of computers dealt with performing engineering tasks and major data processing functions. As the technology of computers changed, and as researchers and users alike added more and more applications, information access and manipulation took on greater emphasis. Earlier networks provided the necessary information exchange services but were limited to basically just this service. The information availability stimulated more imaginative uses of this information. As this occurred and the technology of networks improved, new applications arose. These new applications not only used information exchange but also remote job execution. It began simply as sending a batch job down the link to a less busy host, having the job completed there, and then shipping the results back to the originator. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

This sufficed for a while, but it still did not provide the real-time or interactive environments that users were beginning to become accustomed to, including more advanced protocols and network operating systems to provide further services for remote job invocation and synchronization. The era of the local area network was coming. The wide area networks' biggest shortfall was in throughput or turnaround time for jobs and interprocessor communications. Because of the wide distances, delays of seconds were commonplace and caused added overhead in performing otherwise simple tasks. Network designers saw the need to provide another link in the network: the local area network. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

Local area networks began showing up on the networking landscape in the early to mid 1970s as mostly research activities in universities and government laboratories. It was not until Ethernet was released in the mid 1970s that LANs became more widely available. Since that time, numerous LAN designs have been produced to fit an extremely wide spectrum of user requirements-for example, the fiber ring. Additionally, standards have evolved, providing basic LAN topologies and their services to a greater number of users. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

Local area networks are finding their way into all aspects of modern society. We find them in our homes through cable modems and phone modems, automobiles via wireless technologies, banking (e.g., ATMs), schools via Internet connections, businesses, government, and industry. There are not too many aspects of information exchange and data processing in which a LAN cannot be found. Local area networks and their associated technologies represent one of the great growth areas of the 1990s and early 2000s. As more and more LANs become available, so will new products and uses for them. LANs are used to connect all personal computers in offices, classrooms, factory floors, retail establishments, and now even many homes. They are used in these environments to send memoranda, issue directives, schedule meetings, transmit documents, send e-mail, discover new information, and process large volumes of data concurrently at many sites. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

LANs are used to link factory robots together with area and factory controllers. They provide sensor data, control data, and feedback to the control centers, while at the same time providing a vehicle to issue production changes and notices to users and robots alike. A fine example of a local area network providing diverse services to the users is seen in Walt Disney World. Disney uses LANs and computers to monitor all aspects of services, including fire protection, scheduling, ride management, on-line information, security, personnel services, and a plethora of other park management functions. Large banks, such as the World Bank, have adopted LANs as the means to interconnect their various local sites into smaller networks linked together by wide area networks. However, the LAN is not for everyone. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

Network evolution has not stopped there. As wireless technology has improved, so has the interest in networking vendors to provide their services to users of these domains. Wireless networks began fairly quietly in the 1970s with the Aloha net as the foundation. Since then, wireless phone network development has opened the door for computer networks. Today one of the great growth areas in networking will be in further developing wireless networks and integrating these into existing LAN and WAN networks to provide an even wider array of applications to the wireless cell phone community. Text 1 Evolution of computer networks

interconnection [intəkə'nekʃən] n. 网络互连 track [træk] n. 【计算机】数据磁道 cable ['keibl] n.电缆 coaxial ['kəu'æksəl] adj. 同轴传输线的 transportation [trænspɔ:'teiʃən] n. 运输，运输系统，运输工具 fiber ['faibə] n. 光纤 configuration [kənfigju'reiʃən] n. 【计算机】配置 terminology [tə:mi'nɔlədʒi] n. 用辞，术语 microwave ['maikrəuweiv] n. 微波 dedicated ['dedikeitid] adj. 【计算机】(装置、程序、系统等)专用的 coalition [kəuə'liʃən] n. 结合，合并，联合 distributed [dis'tribju:tid] vt. 分布的，分布式的 loose [lu:s] adj. 宽松的，不牢固的，不精确的 Words and Expressions

binding ['baindiŋ] n.1. 捆绑；束缚；粘合；连接2. 捆缚物；束缚物；连接物3. (滑雪屐上的)扣栓，(滑雪板上的)皮靴固定装置4. (如桌布、毯子等的)镶边，滚带5. (书籍的)装订；装帧；活页封面和封底、封皮 ARPANET阿帕网 investigate [in'vestigeit] v. 【计算机】研究 long-haul ['lɔŋ'hɔ:l; 'lɔ:ŋ-] adj.长远距的 metropolitan [metrə'pɔlit(ə)n] n. 大都市的居民，大主教，母国的居民adj. 大都市的 vehicle ['vi:ikl] n. 传播媒介，工具，手段，交通工具，车辆 congestion [kən'dʒestʃən] n. 【计算机】拥挤 routing ['ru:tiŋ; 'rau-] n路由选择，路径选择 invocation [invəu'keiʃən] 【计算机】调用 availability [əveilə'biliti] n. 有效，有用，有益. Words and Expressions

manipulation [mə，nipju'leiʃən] n. 处理 emphasi ['emfəsis] n. 强调，重点 stimulate ['stimjuleit] vt. 刺激，激励，鼓舞 batch [bætʃ] n.批，成批，分批 originator [ə'ridʒəneitə(r)] n. 创始人，发起人 sufficed [sə'fais] v. 足够，使...满足，合格 synchronization [siŋkrənai'zeiʃən] 同步化 shortfall ['ʃɔ:tfɔ:l] n. 不足之量，差额 throughput ['θru:put] n.【计算机】(计算机输入输出信息的)吞吐量，通过量，总处理能力 turnaround [‘tɜ:nəraʊnd] n.转变，突然好转 Words and Expressions

landscape ['lændskeip] n. 风景，山水，风景画 LANs abbr.局域网 (local area networks) spectrum ['spektrəm] n. 光谱，（比喻）范围，系列 fiber ['faibə] n. 纤维 memoranda [memə'rændə] n. 备忘录(便条)21世纪大英汉词典》concurrently [kən'kʌrəntli] adv. 同时(兼) plethora ['pleθərə] n. 过量，过剩 vendor ['vendɔ:] n. 厂商 Aloha [ɑ:'ləuhɑ:] int. 哈罗，欢迎，再见21世纪大英汉词典》WAN [wɔn] (wide area network)广域网 Words and Expressions

I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F. （）1. The term network can mean a same thing. （）2. Users found that the network could offer information sharing only. （）3. The earliest concept of a network was of a loose binding together of devices or resources for sharing. （）4. An early computer network that exhibited these traits was the Internet. （）5. Because of the wide distances， delays of minutes were commonplace and caused added overhead in performing otherwise simple tasks. （）6. Local area networks began showing up on the networking landscape in the early to mid 1960s as mostly research activities in universities and government laboratories. （）7. We find wide area networks in our homes through cable modems and phone modems， automobiles via wireless technologies， banking (e.g.， ATMs)， schools via Internet connections， businesses， government， and industry. （）8. There are too many aspects of information exchange and data processing in which a LAN cannot be found. （） 9. LANs are used to connect all personal computers in offices， classrooms， factory floors， retail establishments， and now even many homes. （）10. Large banks， such as the World Bank， have adopted LANs as the means to interconnect their various local sites into smaller networks linked together by wide area networks. Exercises

II. Fill in the blanks with proper words. 1. __________was first brought on-line in 1969 as a research tool to investigate long-haul network issues and to provide a tool for research and development solutions. 2. __________ has evolved into the Internet， connecting millions of computers over local area networks， metropolitan area networks， and other wide area networks. 3. __________are finding their way into all aspects of modern society. 4. Large banks， such as the World Bank， have adopted __________ as the means to interconnect their various local sites into smaller networks linked together by wide area networks. Exercises

Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 2 Network Security

Security is a broad topic and covers a multitude of sins. In its simplest form, it is concerned with making sure that nosy people cannot read, or worse yet, secretly modify messages intended for other recipients. It is concerned with people trying to access remote services that they are not authorized to use. It also deals with ways to tell whether that message purportedly from the IRS saying: Pay by Friday or else is really from the IRS and not from the Mafia. Security also deals with the problems of legitimate messages being captured and replayed, and with people trying to deny that they sent certain messages. Text 2 Network Security

Network security problems can be divided roughly into four closely intertwined areas: secrecy, authentication, nonrepudiation, and integrity control. Secrecy, also called confidentiality, has to do with keeping information out of the hands of unauthorized users. This is what usually comes to mind when people think about network security. Authentication deals with determining whom you are talking to before revealing sensitive information or entering into a business deal. Nonrepudiation deals with signatures: How do you prove that your customer really placed an electronic order for ten million left-handed doohickeys at 89 cents each when he later claims the price was 69 cents? Or maybe he claims he never placed any order. Finally, how can you be sure that a message you received was really the one sent and not something that a malicious adversary modified in transit or concocted? Text 2 Network Security

In the data link layer, packets on a point-to-point line can be encrypted as they leave one machine and decrypted as they enter another. All the details can be handled in the data link layer, with higher layers oblivious to what is going on. This solution breaks down when packets have to traverse multiple routers, however, because packets have to be decrypted at each router, leaving them vulnerable to attacks from within the router. Also, it does not allow some sessions to be protected (e.g., those involving on-line purchases by credit card) and others not. Nevertheless, link encryption, as this method is called, can be added to any network easily and is often useful. Text 2 Network Security

In the network layer, firewalls can be installed to keep good packets and bad packets out. IP security also functions in this layer. In the transport layer, entire connections can be encrypted, end to end, that is, process to process. For maximum security, end-to-end security is required. Finally, issues such as user authentication and nonrepudiation can only be handled in the application layer. Since security does not fit neatly into any layer, it does not fit into any chapter of this book. For this reason, it rates its own chapter. Text 2 Network Security

It is well documented that most security failures at banks, for example, are due to incompetent employees, lax security procedures, or insider fraud, rather than clever criminals tapping phone lines and then decoding encrypted messages. If a person can walk into a random branch of a bank with an ATM slip he found on the street claiming to have forgotten his PIN and get a new one on the spot (in the name of good customer relations), all the cryptography in the world will not prevent abuse. In this respect, Ross Anderson's book is a real eye-opener, as it documents hundreds of examples of security failures in numerous industries, nearly all of them due to what might politely be called sloppy business practices or inattention to security. Nevertheless, we are optimistic that as e-commerce becomes more widespread, companies will eventually debug their operational procedures, eliminating this loophole and bringing the technical aspects of security to center stage again. Except for physical layer security, nearly all security is based on cryptographic principles. Text 2 Network Security

Ross Anderson安德森，剑桥大学资讯安全工程讲师 loom [lu:m] n. 织布机v. 朦胧地出现，隐约可见 horizon [hə'raizn] n. 地平线；视野；眼界. pitfall ['pitfɔ:l] n. 陷阱，诱惑，阴谋 algorithm ['ælgəriðəm] 算法 sin [sin] n. 罪，罪孽v. 犯罪 nosy ['nəuzi] adj. 鼻子大的，好管闲事的，爱追问的 recipient [ri'sipiənt] n. 接受者 authorized ['ɔ:θəraizd] adj. 经认可的，审定的，经授权的21世纪大英汉词典》purportedly [pə:'pɔ:tidli，'pə:p-，'pə:pət-] ad. 据称 IRS abbr. Internal Revenue Service 美国国税局 Mafia ['mɑ:fiə] n. 黑手党，秘密政党 legitimate [l i'dʒitimit] a. 合法的，正当的v. 使合法 malicious [mə‘liʃəs] a. 怀恶意的，恶毒的 Words and Expressions

perpetrator [pə:pi'treitə] n. 犯人，作恶之人 outsmart [aut'smɑ:t] v. 比...更聪明，打败 adversary ['ædvəsəri] n. 敌手，对手 well-funded资金充足的 thwart [θwɔ:t] a. 横坐板v. 反对，阻碍ad. 横过 perpetrate ['pə:pitreit] v. 做，犯 tapping ['tæpiŋ] n. 开孔(导出液体，放液，流出口，浇铸，抽头) insider [in'saidə(r)] n. 内部的人，会员，知道内情的人 grudge [grʌdʒ] n. 怨恨，恶意v. 怀恨，嫉妒，吝惜 intertwined [intə:'waind] a. 互相缠结的，缠绕在一起的 secrecy ['si:krisi] n. 秘密(保密，隐蔽) authentication[ɔ:，θenti'keiʃən] n. 证明，鉴定. nonrepudiation认可 confidentiality [‘kɔnfi，denʃi’æləti] n. 秘而不宣，保密 Words and Expressions

unauthorized ['ʌn'ɔ:θəraizd] 非法的，越权的 doohickey ['du:，hiki] n. 小玩意，装置，窍门 malicious [mə'liʃəs] a. 怀恶意的，恶毒的 adversary ['ædvəsəri] n. 敌手，对手 transit ['trænsit] n. 经过，运输v. 横越 concoct [kən'kɔkt] vt.调制，配制 photocopy ['fəutəu，kɔpi] n. 影印v. 影印 tampering ['tæmpəriŋ] a. 干预的，干涉的 sealed [si:ld] a. 封口的，密封的 wiretapping ['waiə，tæpiŋ] vt.wiretap的变形n.搭线窃听adj.搭线窃听的 tube [‘tju:b] n. 地铁，电子管，显像管，管，软管 Words and Expressions

packe [pækt] adj.挤满的；塞满的压结实的；压紧的 encrypt [in'kript] vt. 把…编码 decrypt [di:'kript] v. 译，解释 oblivious [ə'bliviəs] a. 没注意到，或不知道 vulnerable ['vʌlnərəb(ə)l] a. 易受伤害的，有弱点的 lax [læks] a. 松的，松懈的，不严的 slip [slip] n. 滑，错误，下跌v. 滑倒，犯错，减退 cryptography [krip'tɔgrəfi] 密码术，密码系统 sloppy ['slɔpi] a. 被泼水弄湿的，泥泞的，多阴雨的 inattention [inə'tenʃən] n. 不注意，粗心，疏忽 debug [di:'bʌɡ] vt. 【计算机】调试；排除(程序)中的错误，排除故障 loophole ['lu:phəʊl] n. 枪眼，小窗，换气孔 Words and Expressions

I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F. （）1. Network security problems can be divided roughly into three closely intertwined areas: secrecy, authentication, and integrity control. （）2. All these issues (secrecy, authentication, nonrepudiation, and integrity control) do not occur in traditional systems. （）3. Integrity and secrecy are achieved by using registered mail and locking documents up. （）4. With electronic checks, the original and the copy are distinguishable. （）5. Tampering can usually be detected by handwriting, ink, and paper experts. None of these options are available electronically. （）6.In the transport layer, firewalls can be installed to keep good packets and bad packets out. （）7.Issues such as user authentication and nonrepudiation can not be handled in the application layer. Exercises

II. Fill in the blanks with proper words. 1. For the first few decades of their existence, __________ were primarily used by university researchers for sending e-mail and by corporate employees for sharing printers. 2. __________, also called confidentiality, has to do with keeping information out of the hands of unauthorized users. 3. __________ deals with determining whom you are talking to before revealing sensitive information or entering into a business deal. 4. In the __________ layer, entire connections can be encrypted, end to end, that is, process to process. Exercises

Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 3 Virtualization Technology

Virtualization - the technique of managing systems and resources functionally, regardless of their physical layout or location - represents a powerful breakthrough in IT efficiency, responsiveness and agility. Since 2005, virtualization software was adopted faster than anyone imagined, including the experts. There are three areas of IT where virtualization is making headroads, network virtualization, storage virtualization and server virtualization. Virtualization

Server virtualization is the masking of server resources (including the number and identity of individual physical servers, processors, and operating systems) from server users. The intention is to spare the user from having to understand and manage complicated details of server resources while increasing resource sharing and utilization and maintaining the capacity to expand later. In general, server virtualization software runs between the operating system and the hardware. Server virtualization products are available from a number of vendors. VMware is the major software vendor providing server virtualization for Windows and Linux systems with Intel-powered servers. Microsoft offers its own Virtual Server product. Server virtualization

Network virtualization is a method of combining the available resources in a network by splitting up the available bandwidth into channels, each of which is independent from the others, and each of which can be assigned (or reassigned) to a particular server or device in real time. Each channel is independently secured. Every subscriber has shared access to all the resources on the network from a single computer. Network virtualization

Storage virtualization is the pooling of physical storage from multiple network storage devices into what appears to be a single storage device that is managed from a central console. Storage virtualization is commonly used in a storage area network (SAN). The management of storage devices can be tedious and time-consuming. Storage virtualization helps the storage administrator perform the tasks of backup, archiving, and recovery more easily, and in less time, by disguising the actual complexity of the SAN. Virtualization can be viewed as part of an overall trend in enterprise IT that includes autonomic computing, a scenario in which the IT environment will be able to manage itself based on perceived activity, and utility computing, in which computer processing power is seen as a utility that clients can pay for only as needed. The usual goal of virtualization is to centralize administrative tasks while improving scalability and work loads. Storage virtualization

Virtualization虚拟化技术 layout ['lei,aut] n. 布局,安排,设计 breakthrough ['breikθru:] n. 突破 responsiveness [ri'spɔnsivnis] n. 响应性(反应性) agility [ə'dʒiliti] n. 敏捷,灵活,轻快 complicate['kɔmplikeit] v. 弄复杂,使错综,使起纠纷 masking ['mɑ:skiŋ] n. 遮蔽 spare [spєə] n. 剩余,备用零件,备用轮胎a. 多余的,备用的,简陋的 utilization [ju:tilai'zeiʃən] n. 利用 multiple ['mʌltipl] a. 多样的,多重的n. 倍数 VMware虚拟机虚拟电脑, 虚拟主机 Words and Expressions

scale-out全面地 legacy ['legəsi] n. 祖先传下来之物,遗赠物 simulate ['simjuleit] vt. 模拟；装作 distribute [dis'tribju:tid] vt. 分布的,分布式的 consolidation [kən,sɔli'deiʃən] n. 巩固,团结,合并 splitting up n. 分裂 bandwidth ['bændwidθ] n. 频带宽度(通带宽度)subscriber[sʌbs'kraibə] n. 签署者,捐献者,订户 tedious ['ti:diəs] adj. 沉闷的, 单调乏味的 satisfaction [,sætis'fækʃən] n. 满意 optimize ['ɔptimaiz] v. 使...完美,乐观,使...完善v.优化 scalability [,skeilə‘biliti] n. 可扩充性延展性 Words and Expressions

sudden ['sʌdn] n. 突然,忽然a. 突然的,快速的 surge [sə:dʒ] n. 巨涌,汹涌,澎湃v. 汹涌,澎湃 complexity [kəm'pleksiti] n. 复杂(性),复杂的事物 administrator [əd'ministreitə] n. 管理人,行政官 administrative [əd'ministrətiv] a. 行政的,管理的 automatically [ɔ:tə'mætikli] a. 不经思索的ad. 自动地 storage area network (SAN) 存储区域网络 archiving [ɑ:'kəviŋ] n.【计算机】归档，胶片保管 hybrid ['haibrid] n. 混血儿,杂种,混合物a. 混合的,杂种的,混合语的 centralize ['sentrəlaiz] v. 集聚,集中,施行中央集权 autonomic [ɔ:tə'nɔmik] adj. 自治的,自律的 scenario [si'nɑ:riəu] n. 情节,剧本 Words and Expressions

I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F. （）1. The intention of server virtualization is to let the user from have to understand and manage complicated details of server resources while increasing resource sharing and utilization and maintaining the capacity to expand later. （）2. Vendors suggest that server virtualization allows a company to “scale-out”with multiple smaller computers as its processing needs grow rather than having to scale up to a more expensive multi-processor computer. （）3. Server virtualization is frequently used to mask the complexities of server consolidation and is unrelated to the concept of the virtual machine, which uses a copy of an operating system to create the appearance of a full set of storage and other resources to each user. （）4. Network virtualization is intended to optimize network speed, reliability, flexibility, scalability, and security. （）5. Server virtualization is the pooling of physical storage from multiple network storage devices into what appears to be a single storage device that is managed from a central console. （）6. Users cannot implement virtualization with software applications or by using hardware and software hybrid appliances. Exercises

II. Fill in the blanks with proper words. 1. __________ is the technique of managing systems and resources functionally, regardless of their physical layout or location. 2. __________ virtualization is the masking of server resources (including the number and identity of individual physical servers, processors, and operating systems) from server users. 3. __________ virtualization is intended to improve productivity, efficiency, and job satisfaction of the administrator by performing many of these tasks automatically, thereby disguising the true complexity of the network. 4. Storage virtualization is commonly used in a __________. 5. __________ virtualization helps the storage administrator perform the tasks of backup, archiving, and recovery more easily, and in less time, by disguising the actual complexity of the SAN. Exercises

Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 4 Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management,Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI),inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well. Electronic Commerce

The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. Another form of e-commerce was the airline reservation system typified by Sabre in the USA and Travicom in the UK. During the 1980s, online shopping was used extensively particularly by auto manufacturers such as Ford, Peugeot-Talbot, General Motors and Nissan.From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing. Early development

Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following: E-mail Enterprise content management Instant messaging Newsgroups Online shopping and order tracking Online banking Online office suites Domestic and international payment systems Shopping cart software Teleconferencing Electronic tickets Business applications

Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering “digital”content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to “meta”services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly conducted on the World Wide Web. An individual can go online to purchase anything from books or groceries, to expensive items like real estate. Another example would be online banking, i.e. online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All of these activities can be done with a few strokes of the keyboard. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce today. Forms

World Wide Web万维网 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) 电子货币转帐 supply chain management供应链管理 Internet marketing网络营销 online transaction processing在线事务处理 electronic data interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换 inventory management systems存货管理 automated data collection systems自动数据收集系统 enterprise resource planning systems (ERP) 企业资源计划 data mining数据挖掘 data warehousing数据仓库 Words and Expressions

e-tailers n. 网上购物店，电子零售商 Electronic Commerce 电子商务 business-to-business or B2B adj.企业对企业的（电子商务） business-to-consumer or B2C adj. 企业对消费者的（电子商务） Amazon.com亚马逊网站 travicom n. 旅游计算公司 Boston Computer Exchange波士顿计算机交易所 strictly adv. 严格地 prohibited [prəu'hibitid] 被禁止的 Newsgroups n.【计算机】新闻组(即专题讨论组) Online banking网上银行业务 Words and Expressions

Teleconferencing远程会议,电信会议 Electronic tickets电子票 Facilitate [fə'siliteit] v. 帮助,使...容易,促进 Groceries ['ɡrəusəri] n. 食品；杂货 transferring [træns'fə:riŋ] 印字、中转、转移、传递[导,送,输,热] strokes [strəuk] n. 中风 institutions [,insti'tju:ʃən] n. 体系 facilitate [fə'siliteit] v. 帮助,使...容易,促进 domestic [də'mestik] adj. 国内的,家庭的,驯养的n. 家仆,佣人 integrity [in'tegriti] n. 诚实,正直,完整,完善 Words and Expressions

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