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The American Revolution:. The French and Indian War 1754-1763. The Seven Years’ War.
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The American Revolution: The French and Indian War 1754-1763
The Seven Years’ War The final Colonial War was the French and Indian War, which is the name given to the American theater of a massive conflict involving Austria, England, France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Sweden called the Seven Years War. The conflict was played out in Europe, India, and North America...
Let’s do some research http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/08/books/review/08winik.html?_r=0 http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/a/anderson-war.html What type of sources? Credible?
by Benjamin FranklinCartoon in the Pennsylvania GazetteMay 9, 1754 Join, or Die The cartoon appeared along with Franklin's editorial about the "disunited state" of the colonies, and helped make his point about the importance of colonial unity. At the time, there was a superstition that a snake which had been cut into pieces would come back to life if the pieces were put together before sunset.
Cause • both English and French settlers had attempted to colonize land in the Ohio River Valley, near present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. • each thought they owned the rights to the land. • George Washington: march to Fort Duquesne oust the French from the region by force skirmish ensued: The Battle of Jumonville Glen. • The French responded forced Washington to surrender the fort. The War had begun… Fought between France and Great Britain. The Seven Years’ War, the more complex European phase (1756–63) French and Indian War, the American phase of a worldwide nine-years’ war (1754–63)
What had happened was… William Pitt, British secretary of state in 1757, increased Britain's $$$ to the war, giving British soldiers and the American colonial allies the resources they needed to defeat the French in battle by 1760.
Effect The English did ultimately come to dominate the colonial outposts, but at a cost so staggering that the resulting debt nearly destroyed the English government • British gained control of Canada • British acquired Florida from Spain • French secretly gave Spain Louisiana (valley of the Mississippi River) • Treaty of Paris was signed, offically ending the war French & Indian War American colonists, having shared in the war's glorious victories, now saw themselves as equal "partners in empire." A VICTORY FOR ENGLAND
Proclamation of 1763 closed off the frontier to colonial expansion was a measure to calm the fears of the Indians Colonists not allowed to settle west of Appalachians Colonist felt controlled & betrayed
Taxes and Tension The Sugar Act (1764): taxed sugar, coffee and indigo banned the importation of foreign rum and French wines. Colonists respond with a boycott of English products. Sam Adams/Sons of Liberty used intimidation or destruction of property to show their opinion of the acts. http://www.history.com/topics/battles-of-lexington-and-concord/videos#colonists-protest-british-policies Boston Massacre: British kill 5 colonists Boston Tea Party: Colonists dressed as Natives toss tea from East India Co. into Boston Harbor Sons of Liberty tar and feather merchant who bought tea http://www.history.com/topics/battles-of-lexington-and-concord/videos#the-sons-of-liberty-and-the-boston-tea-party
First Continental Congress • Philadelphia, from September 5, to October 26, 1774. • All of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates. • 56 men, elected by the people • Mixed agendas • Repealed 13 Acts • Boycott of British goods
“Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death” Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775. http://www.ushistory.org/documents/libertydeath.htm
Lexington & Concord 3000 British troops in Boston Thomas Cage (British General) given orders to seize arms/ammunition stored in Concord Paul Revere & William Dawes ride to warn, “British are coming!” First shots of war at Lexington “shot heard around the world” Minutemen retreat and British continue on to Concord Colonists remove and hide arms Colonists attack British from woods and “shadow” back to Boston (200 wounded, 73 dead)
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense The plain language that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain. Call to arms
THIS MEANS WAR! Second Continental Congress Philadelphia, PA. May, 1775 All 13 colonies were represented GA.: Lynman Hall, Button Gwinnett, George Walton John Hancock (MA) served as president Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units Elected George Washington (VA) as commanding general Printing $$ (continentals) and Post Office Olive Branch Petition was final attempt for compromise…too late!
Second Continental Congress King George III rejects petition for peace hires 3000 Hessian (German) soldiers July 1776 Declaration of Independence written mainly by Thomas Jefferson Spoke of democracy, grievances, and independence from King Lyman, Gwinnett & Walton signed from GA
Loyalists vs. Patriots Loyalists (Tories) loyal to King George III and England Many were born in England, still had family there, while others feared being disloyal to the #1 military and economic power in the world! Some in Georgia returned to England when declaration was made 2/3 GA were loyalists Patriots (Sons/Daughters of Liberty) Mostly born in America Ready to break free from England Create alliance with France, Spain, & Netherlands France supplies gunpowder
Revolution in GA. • July 1775 GA. Provincial Congress created by GA patriots • 2 governments: Patriot government sent delegates to the Continental Congress Loyalist Government- Governor James Wright • By Jan. 1776 James Wright fled for England
Savannah & Kettle Creek By 1778 England needs to change tactics, war efforts focus on the South British attack Savannah Gov. Wright returns! 4000 French soldiers & American troops laid siege to Savannah (surround and cut off supplies) Jan. 1779 Ebenezer & Augusta fall too British troops from Florida invade GA. from the south
Battle of Kettle Creek Feb. 1779 GA patriot militia/civilians under the command of Col. Elijah Clark defeat the British Loyalists at Kettle Creek Allowed GA troops to collect British weapons and ammunition Lifted moral
Other Georgians important to the War Austin Dabney Nancy Hart Freeborn mulatto, mixed parentage Richard Aycock, white North Carolinian suggested Dabney was slave and should fight in his place Dabney fought and was wounded the only African American to be granted land and one of the few to receive a federal military pension Myth or Legend: Husband away in war, home alone with 8 children British soldiers demand that she provide shelter and food She held them at gun point until help arrived http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/videos/nancy_hart_story
Fall 1781 Cornwallis moved into NC & Virginia to be resupplied by British navy Gen. George Washington’s troops surround Cornwallis in Yorktown, VA. French navy along Atlantic coast Cornwallis surrendered Oct. 19, 1781
Independence Fighting continued throughout 1782, while peace negotiations began. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris ended the war Great Britain signed separate agreements with France, Spain, and the Netherlands The territories of East and West Florida were given back to Spain The treaty with France was mostly about exchanges of captured territory, but it also guaranteed fishing rights off Newfoundland Dutch possessions in the East Indies, which GB captured in 1781, were returned in exchange for trading privileges in the Dutch East Indies
Independence for America John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay negotiated for colonies Their achievement has been labeled the greatest triumph in the history of American diplomacy Article I reads in part, “His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States,…to be free sovereign and independent states….” Present day northern boundary was set and western boundary remained Mississippi River All debts must be repaid
