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Nationalism and Expansionism

Nationalism and Expansionism. Japan and Italy in the 30s. Post-WWI. What was the climate of the world? Any new political structures? What were the alliances?. The Manchurian Incident. 1920s Rising military View of military Cherry Society

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Nationalism and Expansionism

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  1. Nationalism and Expansionism Japan and Italy in the 30s

  2. Post-WWI • What was the climate of the world? • Any new political structures? • What were the alliances?

  3. The Manchurian Incident • 1920s • Rising military • View of military • Cherry Society • 1928—Zhang Zuolin (Manchurian warlord) assassinated • Hope: would trigger a war to control Manchuriafailed, but appealed to super-patriots

  4. Manchurian Incident • Emphasis on Manchuria • WWI military analysts • desire to control economic resources • strategic value against the USSR

  5. Manchurian Incident • 1931—time is ripe • China flooded in Yangtze Valley • West is depressed • Masterminded • Fabricated Chinese assassination attempt on South Manchuria Railway Company

  6. Manchurian Incident • Established a puppet state in Manchuria (Manchuko) • 1932 • League of Nations • Japan isolated from international community • Germany & Italy

  7. The Manchurian Incident • Manchuko • Continued fighting in China for several weeks • spring of 1933 • Attempted to control China • Developed heavy industry base in Manchuria & Korea • Full scale war

  8. Manchurian Incident

  9. The 30s, Japan at home • May 15 • The May 15 perpetrators during trial • Allowed to expound doctrines • Given national podium from which to expound the “selflessness” of their motives • Portrayed selves as martyrs • Power shift

  10. The 30s, Japan at home • Continued political instability • Party factional fighting • Fighting w/in the military • Army vs. navy • Manchurian Incident evidence of the breakdown of discipline • Army factionalism (Central War College vs. officers’ training school)

  11. The 30s, Japan at home • Two main factions: • Kodoha, “Imperial Way faction”Generals Araki Sadao & Mazaki Jinzaburo • Emphasized imperial mystique • Advocated doctrine of direct imperial rule • Tosheiha, “Control faction”General Nagata Tetsuzan • Proposed total war • Included Ishiwara & Tojo Hideki • Long-range buildup of economy • Transform Japan into modern military state

  12. Araki Sadao and Tojo Hideki

  13. The 30s, Japan at home • Imperial Way faction eliminated due to: • Mazaki dismissed • Lt. col. assassinated General Nagata • Control faction • Junior Kodoha officers (1000+men) seized capital & killed prominent leaders • Hope • Reality

  14. The 30s, Japan at home • Emperor intervened • Imperial Way faction eliminated, increased army’s political power • Feared war w/ USSR • Signed anti-Cominterm Pact w/ Hitler’s Germany in December of 1936 • Intensified propaganda & indoctrination • Repressed radical left • Recover from the worst of the depression

  15. China, The Nanjing Decade—an Uneasy Peace • 1927-1937, Nationalist government avoided war with Japan • Only controlled the lower Yangzi Valley • Dependent upon allegiance of local powerholders (Warlords) • 1930, secured its authority in the North after waging costly war against combine armies of 2 warlords • Nanjing strengthened victory, but couldn’t completely subdue the warlords • Reinforced policy to give highest priority for building military strength

  16. China: The Nanjing Decade—an uneasy peace • Nanjing regime problems: • Warlords • Communists • Seemed to be growing in power & authority, but in reality balance of power depended upon region (such as Sichuan Provence, where warlords remained in power)

  17. China: The Nanjing Decade—an uneasy peace • Nanjing Decade: • Military emphasis • 60-80% of spending going to military expenses and debt service, with the latter amount about 1/3 of spending, illustrating heavy gov’t borrowing; civil projects such as road & RR contstruction for military purposes. • Attempted to introduce German military doctrines to the military

  18. China: The Nanjing Decade—an uneasy peace • Nanjing Decade: • Chiang Kai-shek power on the increase, due to close relationship of military who trained at Whampoa Military Academy (Blue Shirts—secret police group; pledge complete obedience to Chiang Kai-shekinfluenced by European fascism) • Guomindang didn’t revitalize, though • Weak ideologically • Emphasis on Confucian revival • No ideological center around Chiang Kai-shek • Temporary alliance with CCP for expulsion of Japanese • Long March

  19. The Long March

  20. Nanjing Massacre • Second Sino-Japanese War, July 1937 (merged w/ WWII in 1941) • Raping, burning, looting, killing, for 7 straight weeks • Unknown exactly how many died, though the official memorial states 300,000 • Reputation for terrible cruelty • Stiffened Chinese determination to resist • Continued escalation of the war

  21. Nanjing Massacre

  22. What did the League of Nations do? • If a member was attacked by another country, the League was supposed to come to its aid, but in fact the League lacked the strength needed to back this up. • ABSOLUTELY NOTHING! • Abyssinia (Ethiopia) was a member of the League of Nations.

  23. Italy saw… • Benito Mussolini, “Il Duce” • Served in WWI, wanted military glory for Italy • Growing militarization for nation • Wanted to rebuild Rome

  24. Italian propaganda: “Believe, obey, fight.”

  25. Mussolini’s speech for invasion

  26. Italy came… • Emperor Haile Selassie, Abyssinia (Ethiopia today) • between the two small Italian colonies: Eritrea and Somaliland. • Lands were fertile and rich in mineral wealth • 1935 invasion of Ethiopia • used poison gas • disregard for world opinion • British and French condemnation • Allies in Germany and Japan

  27. Haile Selassie & Ethiopia

  28. Ethiopia

  29. Italy conquered… • summer of 1935, Mussolini amassed troops on the Abyssinian border. • October 1935, he launched a full invasion. • Haile Selassie appealed to the League for help. • League intervention was slow, half-hearted and ineffective. • Mussolini conquered Abyssinia, creating an Italian East African Empire. • fatal blow to the League of Nations

  30. The world’s view of expansion • Innocent peoples are being cruelly sacrificed to a greed for power and supremacy...Let no one imagine that America will escape...There is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality...War is a contagion, whether it be declared or not. It seems unfortunately true that the epidemic of lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease. I call today for a similar quarantine. A quarantine of the lawless, a quarantine of those that threaten world peace. • --Franklin Delano Roosevelt, The Quarantine Speech, 10/5/37

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