The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Made Great Britain the wealthiest country in the world

2. Agricultural Revolution One factor that contributed to the Industrial Revolution was the agricultural revolution Changes in farming methods and animal breeding led to an increase in food production More people could be fed at lower prices with less labor People didn�t have to spend most of their money on food and could afford to buy manufactured goods Rapid growth allowed for a surplus of labor for factories

3. Capital Britain had a ready supply of capital for investment Britain excelled at banking Had flexible credit facilities because they used paper money for transactions

4. Mineral Resources Britain had important mineral resources like coal and iron ore

5. Size Small country with readily available transportation Only had to transport things short distances Investments into new roads, bridges, and canals to link the important industrial centers together Didn�t have internal tariffs to hinder trade

6. Parliament Parliament helped by providing a favorable business climate Provided a stable government Passed laws to protect private property Very few restrictions on private enterprises

7. Markets Had a large supply of markets for their manufactured goods Included Europe, the Americas, Africa & the East Efficient merchant marine system to transport goods anywhere in the world

8. Technological Changes The Cotton Industry � Great Britain�s largest industry The flying shuttle doubled the speed of weaving Created shortages in yarn so the water frame spinning machine was created to enable greater quantities of yarn to be produced

9. Playing Catch Up The spinning jenny increased yarn production even more The power loom once again allowed weaving to catch up with spinning

10. Factories It was then realized that it was more efficient to bring workers to the machines and organize labor in factories Caused laborers to bring their families with them and create towns around the factories

11. Cotton Cotton became cheap enough for poor people to wear undergarments

12. Steam Pump Created out of the need for more efficient pumps to get rid of water in mines Coal was being used as a replacement for wood due to Britain�s shortage of timber A new process for smelting iron ore was discovered which led to deeper mines for more coal More efficient pumps were needed, so a steam pump was created by Thomas Newcomen

13. Steam Engine James Watt then transformed it into a steam engine Only withdrawal was its consumption of coal It was then adapted to become an engine to drive machinery for industry Gave factories a different source of power so they didn�t need to be located near rivers anymore Allowed the production of goods other than just cotton (textiles)

14. Iron Industry Henry Cort developed a better quality of iron through a system called puddling Impurities were burned away to produce a higher quality of iron 1852 � Britain produced more iron than the rest of the world combined

15. Turnpikes & Canals Turnpike trusts created new roads and networks of canals Soon overtaken by railroads Railroads were the most important single factor in promoting European economic progress Railroad construction created jobs that many farm laborers and peasants filled

16. Railroads Richard Trevithick created the first steam powered locomotive - pulled 10 tons at 5 mph George Stephenson and his son built locomotives for the first public railways in 1830 (Rocket) The railroad industry�s demand for coal and iron only helped the growth of industry

17. Importance of Railroads Most important thing about railroads is that they provided a faster and cheaper means of transportation Reduced the price of goods Which increased sales Which created more factories and machines And the process started over again

18. The Industrial Factory Moved from cottage industry to organized labor in the factory Because of the invention of machines Workers were paid to run machines and were forced to work regular hours to produce goods at a steady pace c. People were fined for being late, sick or drunk d. Children were beaten to reinforce the rules

19. Spread of Industrialization Limitations to Industrialization Some continental countries experienced some of the same developments that Britain experienced Population growth, agricultural improvements and industrial expansion These countries lagged behind because they didn�t have the advantages of Great Britain

20. Thank Napoleon One factor that kept the continent behind Great Britain was the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era Wars caused destruction, disrupted trade, death, economic crisis and social & political instability Napoleon only widened the gap between British and Europe

21. Continental Know How The continent lacked the technical knowledge of the British They �borrowed� ideas The British forbade artisans from leaving the country and prohibited the export of machinery Didn�t work because of the black market

22. Skills Gradually they obtained the skills and machines they needed Established technical schools to train engineers and mechanics

23. Government Government played an important role in industrialization Took on the cost of building canals, roads & railways Created tariffs against British goods Necessary because they were cheaper and it protected their industry as well Continental investment banks used their saving as capital to develop industry

24. Industrial Centers Belgium, France and the German states The cotton industry was different on the continent in two ways It was dispersed through many regions as opposed to being centered in a couple of cities like Lancashire and Glasgow Industry was built on iron and coal as opposed to being built on the cotton industry

25. Social Impact The population explosion was not due to higher birthrates Birthrates were actually declining There was a decline in death rates

26. Death Rates Due to a drop in death from famines, epidemics and war Due to a major decline in plague and small pox Due to an increase in the food supply Allowed a greater number of people to exist People became more resistant to disease

27. Irish Potato Famine Ireland was home to desperate people that lived in poverty The potato was their main food as it was nutritious Easy to grow and yielded more than grain Because of this people got married earlier Had children earlier - population doubled 1845 � potatoes were struck by blight and the Great Famine occurred Of 8 million Irish, a million died of starvation and two million emigrated to the US and Europe

28. Growth of Cities Cities became the centers of manufacturing and industry because the steam engine allowed factories to relocate and have access to transportation and people looking for work 50% of the British population lived in towns and cities

29. Living Conditions Rapid urbanization from the Industrial Revolution intensified the miserable living conditions in cities City authorities didn�t do anything to solve the problems of the public because they had never done so in the past The wealthy lived on the outskirts of the town The poor lived in small, overcrowded tenements in the center of town Some families even lived in cellars City streets were used as sewers and open drains (pg. 598) Cities smelled horrible due to excrement and were considered to be death traps due to their health conditions

30. Cities Deaths outnumbered births City food was unhealthy Alum was added to make bread look white Beer and milk were watered down Red lead was disguised as pepper Working class men were shorter, scrawnier and more subject to disease than the middle class men Prostitution and crime ran rampant

31. Attempts at Urban Reform Reformers like Edwin Chadwick tried to solve these problems Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain � argued for improvements such as drainage, removal of refuse and improvements of water supplies

32. Public Health Act Attempted to modernize sanitary systems Middle class people usually supported public health They feared cholera from the inner city would spread to them as it often broke out in overcrowded cities

33. New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class The middle class wanted to become more associated with the landed elite Wanted to separate themselves from the working class

34. Working Conditions Work days were 12-16 hours a day 6 days a week No assurances of employment No minimum wages Temperatures in the 80s was common

35. Coal Mines Coal mines had dangers like cave-ins, explosions & gas fumes Tunnels were no higher than three of four feet Children often pulled the coal carts Mines deformed bodies and ruined lungs

36. Child Workers Women and children were used in factories and mines Children were desired workers Their small size made it easy for them to crawl under machines to gather loose cotton Were a cheap and abundant supply of labor Only got paid 1/6 of what a man got paid Orphans were acquired by factory owners because they didn�t have to be paid Were beaten Fed little amounts of food Often became deformed from being kept in usual positions for long periods of time

37. Women By 1830 women and children made up 2/3 of the cotton industry�s labor The Factory Act of 1833 caused a decline in the number of employed children Replaced them with women Women made up half the work force Paid half of what a man received Later Factory Acts limited the number of hours women and children could work and created a distinction between work and home Men were regarded as the primary bread winners and women took on the daily role of house wife

38. Standard of Living Long term: standard of living increased Short term: workers suffered Wages remained low creating higher profits Overall increase in wages

39. Worker Reforms Workers wanted to create labor organizations to protect their rights The British passed the Combination Acts in 1799 and 1800 to outlaw worker associations Failed to stop the formation of trade unions Trade Unions served two purposes Protect a worker�s job by limiting people into their trade Gain worker benefits from employers Union strikes, which were illegal, told Parliament that the Combination Acts weren�t working Parliament repealed them in 1824 and unions became legal

40. Unions Robert Owen wanted to create a Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Wanted coordinated a general strike to limit work to an 8 hour day Failed and people returned to specialized trade unions The Amalgamated Society of Engineers gained unemployment benefits In return they made small weekly payments

41. Luddites Luddites burned down factories and attacked machines Failed to stop industrialization

42. Chartism S movement that demanded universal male suffrage Rejected by Parliament because they didn�t want common people in charge of decisions Chartism was the only movement that was able to organize millions of working class men and women

43. Government and Reform A Series of Factory Acts was passed that limited child labor and shortened their work day Forced cotton mills to teach their child workers to read and do math Later Factory Acts appointed inspectors to go to factories to enforce the new laws 1842 � Coal Mines Act stopped children and women from working in mines

44. That�s All Folks