Global Exploration

1. Global Exploration Unit 9

2. “New World”

3. Timeline: Voyages of Zheng He 1453- The Ottoman Empire took over the Byzantine Empire 1492 – Christopher Columbus accidentally Found the “New World” For Spain 1532 – Pizarro Defeats the Incas 1420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 1490 1500 1510 1520 1521 – Magellan’s crew sails around the world & Cortez Defeats the Aztecs 1498 – De Gama Reaches India from Portugal 1488 – Dias sailed Around the southern Tip of Africa 1415- Prince Henry “the Navigator” began A school for ocean Exploration in Portugal

4. Chinese Exploration Zheng He: - The Great Chinese explorer in the early 1400s - Sailed ships from Southeast Asia to India to Arabia and to Africa and back Results: - Chinese abandoned further world exploration - Burned his ships and destroyed all records of his travels - There was nothing that the Chinese were interested in outside China

7. European Exploration Reasons why they began exploration: 3 G’s • Gold: Find new wealth (trade, resources, land) • God: Spread Christianity (missionaries) • Glory: Fame for the explorer and power for his nation

8. New Technologies:allowed Europeans to sail into the open oceans Chinese Origin: - Compass – used to determine directions - Rudder: used to steer a ship - Gunpowder Muslim Origin: - Astrolabe - Astronomical tables - Lateen sail – improved steering and to catch the wind better European Origin: - Better maps - Caravel (ship)

11. Significant European Explorers Vasco De Gama: • Portuguese • 1st to sail around Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

12. Ferdinand Magellan • Portuguese • His crew was the first to sail around the world • Tip of South America is called the Strait of Magellan • Discovered the Pacific Ocean

14. Christopher Columbus • Italian • Cristobal Colon • Tried to get to the Indies by sailing west • Accidentally “discovered” a New World for the Europeans

18. Imperialism Imperialism: Powerful nation taking over weaker cultures and totally dominating their way of life Colonialism: Political relationship between a powerful “Mother Country” and a weaker “colony” (the colony follows the Mother Country’s rules) Treaty of Tordesillas: An agreement between Spain and Portugal on how to divide control of lands in the new world. Spain got all of the lands West of the line – Portugal all of the lands East of the line

19. Raw Materials & Plantation Cash Crops Cheap Trade Products Middle Passage West Indies Treaty of Tordesillas

20. Atlantic Triangle Trade Triangle Trade: Trading system that used the colonies to generate the money for European traders Slave Trade: - Using humans as a trade product - Africans taken to the New World to work on plantations Middle Passage: - The part of the trip that slaves took from Africa to the New World - Many died under terrible conditions

24. Case Study: Spanish Imperialism Where: “New World” – Central and South America (Latin America) Conquistadors: “Conquerors” Spanish military leaders - Hernan Cortes: Defeated the Aztecs - Francisco Pizarro: Defeated the Incas

26. Reasons for Spanish Success • More advance weapons: gunpowder, horses, armor • Aztec and Inca enemies often found the Spanish as allies • Europeans diseases wiped out many natives

28. Encomienda System: Spanish government – gave Spanish colonists land and the right to use natives as workers (slaves) Roman Catholic Church: Became an important link between the Spanish government and the natives Mixed Culture: Natives – Europeans – Africans mixed their cultures to develop a new “Latin American” culture

30. Social Classes • Based on race – not wealth • The more European (whites) the more power • Peninsulares: People born in Europe (on the Iberian Peninsula [Spain and Portugal]) • Creoles: European parents, born in the New World • Mestizos: One European parent and one native American parent • Mulattoes: One European parent and one African parent

31. POWERFUL Peninsulares Creole Mestizos Mulattoes Native Americans Black Americans Zambo: Native Americans/Africans WEAK

32. Columbian Exchange • Named After Columbus • A global exchange of natural and cultural products • Foods – Animals – Languages – Technology - Ideas

33. Mercantilism The economic relationship between a “Mother Country” and its “colony” Designed to make money for the Mother Country Raw Materials Mother Country Colony Finished Products

34. Essential Questions • How were the goals and accomplishments of the Chinese and European explorers different? Chinese: Their journey supported ethnocentric beliefs (Chinese to stay isolated Europeans: They tried to improve their situation [lifestyle] (Europe became the most powerful region in the world)

35. Essential Questions Continued….. 2. What were the negative results of European conquest of Latin America and Africa? - Natives died - Their land was taken - Forced to learn European culture 3. What were the positive aspects of European conquest? - European technologies were introduced - European economy got better - Better understanding of the world