1 / 36

Global Exploration

Global Exploration. The motivation: in 1453, Turks take Constantinople (renamed Istanbul), thus blocking direct routes from Europe to Asia. Europeans seek all-water routes to Asia Vasco da Gama (Portugal) sails east around Africa to India

jody
Download Presentation

Global Exploration

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Global Exploration • The motivation: in 1453, Turks take Constantinople (renamed Istanbul), thus blocking direct routes from Europe to Asia. • Europeans seek all-water routes to Asia • Vasco da Gama (Portugal) sails east around Africa to India • Columbus (Italian, employed by Spain) sails west and “discovers” America

  2. Major Explorations, 15th-16th c.

  3. Spanish in Americas • The Conquest: in 1521, Cortes with 600 soldiers overtakes Aztec Empire (Mexico) • Mexico’s population: • 1521: 25 million • 1600: 1 million • Bartolome de Las Casas, Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1552)

  4. The Catholic Reformation and the Baroque Style

  5. Christianity in Europe, 1590

  6. Catholic Reformation • Beginning in early 16th century • Two movements: • Internal reform of Church • Expansion of Church’s influence

  7. Council of Trent (1545-63) • Reaffirms the 7 sacraments (Protestants had reduced the number) • Makes guidelines to eliminate abuses by clergy • Increases preaching to the uneducated, and monastic intellectual life

  8. Council of Trent (1545-63) • Revives Inquisition, establishes Index Expurgatorius • Emphasizes mystical experience

  9. Jesuits (The Society of Jesus) (1) • Founded by Ignatius Loyola, a former Spanish soldier, in the 1530s • Jesuits took special oath of allegiance to pope • In Europe, defended Catholicism against Protestantism • In Americas, India, China, and Japan, did missionary work

  10. Jesuits (2) • Jesuits functioned according to two principles: “mysticism and militant religious zeal” (509): • Personal, intuitive experience of God (this is similar to the Protestant sensibility) • Absolute obedience to the Church • Spiritual Exercises (1548) combines these principles (see 510): mysticism as physically tough practice

  11. Jesuits (3) • From 16th to 19th centuries, Jesuits were the main intermediaries between Europe and Asia • Matteo Ricci in China (late 16th, early 17th centuries): first dressed as a Buddhist priest, later as a scholar • Jesuits much more successful at conversions in Latin America than in Asia

  12. Teresa of Avila • Like Ignatius Loyola, brings together sensual and religious experience • Like Loyola, she was peripatetic: known as “the roving nun” • Visions (1611) • Richard Cranshaw appeals to St. Teresa in his The Flaming Heart (1652)

  13. Bernini, The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1645-52)

  14. Mannerist Painting • Intermediate style between the Renaissance and the Baroque, esp. present in Italy and Spain • An expression of the Catholic Reformation tendencies of sensuousness and mysticism • Its characteristics: “spatial complexity, artificiality, and affectation”; also “psychological intensity” (513).

  15. Leonardo, The Last Supper (1485-98)

  16. Tintoretto, The Last Supper (1592-94)

  17. Raphael, Alba Madonna, c.1510

  18. Parmigianino, Madonna of the Long Neck (1534-40)

  19. El Greco, The Agony in the Garden (c. 1585-86)

  20. The Baroque Style • In general: “ornateness, spatial grandeur, and theatrical flamboyance” (518) • From Portuguese barocco: pearl of irregular shape, used for decoration/ornament • Baroque painting: “asymmetric compositions, strong contrast of light and dark, and bold, illusionistic effects” (518)

  21. Caravaggio, The Supper at Emmaus (c. 1600)

  22. He sat down to eat with them, took the bread, and said the blessing; then he broke the bread and gave it to them. Then their eyes were opened and they recognized him, but he disappeared from their sight.--Luke 24:30-31

  23. Baroque Architecture • Baroque Catholic churches are decorative theaters where Catholic rituals are performed • See Bernini, Baldacchino, p. 532

  24. How does the Baroque style differ from Mannerism? • Both are spatially complex in composition and in human figures. • Both have strong contrasts of light and dark. However: • Baroque is more naturalistic, creating life-like illusions • Mannerism is more artificial and mystical in its effect

  25. How does the Baroque style reflect the ideas and issues of its time? • In Southern Europe, reflects the religious zeal of Catholic Reformation, combining sensuousness and mysticism • In its spatial expansiveness, reflects European exploration of and expansion across the globe • See Andrea Posso, Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius (1691)

  26. Pozzo, Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius (1691)

  27. The Protestant Baroque

  28. Protestant Baroque • Like Catholic Baroque, Protestant Baroque is mystical, but: • Unlike the Catholic Baroque (ornamental, theatrical), the Protestant Baroque style is unornamented and anti-theatrical • Focus is on private (rather than public) devotion, and internal vision • Bible is central, rather than later saints • Financed by new commercial class

  29. Rembrandt, The Return of the Prodigal Son (ca. 1662-68)

  30. English Commonwealth • Elizabeth I (1558-1603) [Tudor] • James I (1603-1625) [Stuart] • Charles I (1625-1649) --Civil War (1642-48)-- • Oliver Cromwell (1649-1660, Puritan “Commonwealth”) • Charles II (1660-1685); the Restoration [Stuart] • James II (1685-1688 [a Catholic]) • William and Mary (1689, “Glorious Revolution”)

  31. Van Dyck, Charles I on Horseback (c. 1638)

  32. King James Bible (1611) • “authorized” English-language edition • Written by committee of 54 scholars • Based on earlier 16th century English versions as well as on Hebrew and Latin manuscripts • Concision, rhythm, and poetic imagery have influence on English language in general

  33. John Donne (1571-1631) • Meditations, Holy Sonnets, and other poems (e.g., “The Flea” and “Valediction: Forbidding Mourning”) employ metaphysical conceits, extended metaphors that bring together two seemingly dissimilar things • These conceits reflect “the baroque affection for dramatic contrast, for frequent and unexpected shifts of viewpoint, and for the dramatic synthesis of discordant images” (569)

  34. John Milton (1608-74) • A Puritan and a defender of Cromwell • His modern epic poems: Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained • Form: Blank verse • Plot: cosmic account of the relationships between God, Satan, and humanity • Themes of Paradise Lost: “knowledge, sin, and free will” (570) • Paradise Lost: possibly an allegory of English Civil War?

More Related