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Exploration

Exploration. Old Imperialism. Age of Discovery 1340-1600. What is an Empire? Imperialism?. New Technology. In the early 1400s new technology enabled exploration Better maps ( cartography ) from Marco Polo and Arab geographers’ information - lines of latitude

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Exploration

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  1. Exploration Old Imperialism

  2. Age of Discovery 1340-1600

  3. What is an Empire? Imperialism?

  4. New Technology • In the early 1400s new technology enabled exploration • Better maps (cartography) from Marco Polo and Arab geographers’ information - lines of latitude • New ships (caravel) had many masts, had more sails and could go farther with more cargo space • Lateen (triangular) sail and stern rudder enabled ships to sail into the wind

  5. Astrolabe • Astronomical tool for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky • Done by drawing the sky on the face of the astrolabe and marking it, so positions in the sky are easy to find • Was made of brass and was about 6 inches in diameter

  6. Motives • - European Monarchs sponsored voyage in hopes of increased trade (thanks to crusades) and profitable empire • - Portuguese hoped to reach Asia bypassing Italian and Muslim traders in Mediterranean Sea • - Spanish were jealous of Portuguese success and wanted to spread Catholicism (since Protestant Reformation lost many Catholics)

  7. Practice Question Which technological development enabled European navigators to determine their location during the Age of Exploration? a. lateen sail b. astrolabe c. cross bow d. caravel

  8. What factors were pushing Europeans to explore? • Decline of Mongol Empire in 1400s made goods from the east harder to get, more expensive • Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 was a major block to trade

  9. Ottoman Empire in 1500

  10. Motives • - Later, England, France , and Dutch explorers searched for a NW passage to Asia • - Some looked for gold or the Fountain of Youth

  11. Practice Question In the late 1400s and early 1500s, what was a major reason for the European voyages of exploration? • introduction of Enlightenment ideas • desire to control Constantinople • rapid industrialization • need for alternate trade routes

  12. Practice Question The Crusades indirectly contributed to the discovery of the New World by • forcing the religious conversion of the Muslim population • forcing the Turks to flee from Constantinople • stimulating European demand for goods from the East • increasing the power of feudal lords

  13. Zheng He China Does It First !!!! 1402

  14. Reason For Exploration • Ming Dynasty had just taken over and kicked out the Mongols – needed to assert themselves and prove their prominence • Wanted to increase trade over Indian Ocean and extend their tribute states • Hired a Chinese Muslim eunich – Zheng-He to do it.

  15. Zheng He’s Travels

  16. Zheng He’s ship compared to Columbus’s St. Maria And he had 300 of these!!!!

  17. The Boats - Junks • well over 400 feet by 150 feet – largest wooden vessels ever built • several decks below the main deck and several decks above at the stern of the ship • crew of any where between 450-700 members • able to handle deep ocean weather due to their very deep, sharp keel which gave them more stability

  18. As He Traveled • While exploring, demanded native people to submit to the Emperor’s authority ~ if natives refused, force was used ~ if natives accepted, rulers were rewarded with gold or silk • Brought back trade goods and gifts from visited lands

  19. Know This Map !!!

  20. Results • Later rulers thought ocean voyages were too costly • As a result, China decided to focus its funds on its military • Chinese rulers found exploration did not benefit them personally so it was eventually halted • After this, emperors discouraged trade with foreign countries – became isolated

  21. Let’s Think…. Up until 1450 • China had better technology than West. • China had more unity than West. • China had greater natural resources including population than West. • China had larger cities than West. • What if China did not give up its exploration after Zheng He? How would the world be different today?

  22. Practice Question Which conclusion about Zheng He’s voyages is valid based on the information on this map? • His fleet traveled only as far as the Bay of Bengal. • His expeditions sailed to ports in Asia and Africa. • His fleet conquered and controlled Luzon. • His expeditions traded directly with the interior of Africa.

  23. European Exploration What are their motives?

  24. Motives - What is the easiest way to remember it all? • The Three G’s: • Gold • Glory • God • Although a little simplistic, this mnemonic is a great way to remember the main motivations of the European explorers.

  25. The First G: Gold • Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking for, but remember that it is really wealth, not just literal gold that explorers were after. • Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising banking system (think Medici) – eventually too much gold will be found leading to inflation • Europeans also desired spices (Da Gama’s voyage to India made him a 3000% profit!) • Other natural resources would come to be sold for profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.) • This competition will be enhanced by the idea of mercantilism that emerges.

  26. Practice Question Prices in Spain rose as colonies supplied large amounts of gold and silver. This suggests that Spanish imports of gold and silver led to food shortages unemployment inflation self-sufficiency

  27. Mercantalism Didn’t we cover this before – yep it is this important. • Countries (Motherlands) wanted colonies for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods. • Benefits go to Motherland only • Desired to have a “favorable balance of trade” – where export (sell) more valuable manufactured goods (guns) and import (buy) cheaper raw materials.

  28. Practice Question Which idea is most closely associated with the economic concept of mercantilism? Colonies exist to provide raw materials and markets for a colonial power. Wealth and power are based on land exchanged between nobles. Goods and services are traded without government interference. Property is owned collectively and administered by the state.

  29. The second G: Glory • Glory was a relatively new idea in Europe • Came out of the Renaissance ideal of Humanism, and the focus on individual achievement • With the rise of the printing press, the idea of gaining fame for one’s actions was more possible • Also, individual kings wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition spreads The Triumph of Fame, a Flemish tapestry from 1502.

  30. The third G: God • As members of a universalizing religion, Europeans had always seen spreading Christianity as a good thing • Especially after the Reformation, competition will spring up • Colonization will become a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of Christianity • Jesuits (Catholics) are some of the most active • Spain under Queen Isabella will send out priests on every ship.

  31. How did these explorations begin? • The first to encourage new ship explorations was Prince Henry of Portugal, known as “Prince Henry the Navigator” • Started an institute for seafaring and exploring • Combined ship technology learned from Islam with new European innovations

  32. Spain vs. Portugal • Portugal had Disadvantage in Asian trade – faced Atlantic, not Mediterranean. 1488 - Bartholomeu Dias rounded Cape of Storms (Good Hope) in Africa • Spain In 1492, Queen Isabella sponsored Columbus’ voyage West to India to share in spice trade and spread Christianity

  33. Practice Question Which geographic feature of Spain and Portugal most enhanced their ability to engage in exploration? • peninsular location • mountainous region • extensive river system • fertile plain

  34. Practice Question One reason Spain sponsored the first voyage of Columbus to the west was to find a more direct trade route to Asia obtain military technology make contact with the Empire of Benin trade in established ports in the Americas

  35. Treaty of Tordesillas • Spain and Portugal disputed each others right to explore new lands, so the Pope arranged a settlement (since both were Catholic nations) • 1494- Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which drew a Line of Demarcationthrough the western Atlantic

  36. Portugal’s Explorers since Treaty • 1497-1498 - Vasco da Gama reached India around Africa. • 1500- Pedro Cabral found Brazil

  37. Spain • 1513- Vasco de Balboa found Pacific Ocean; Juan Ponce de Leon found Florida • 1519-1522- Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe

  38. Strait of Magellan – Naming of “Pacific” • THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN WAS A CONNECTION BETWEEN THE PACIFIC AND THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. • IT WAS A 300 MILE MAZE OF MANY DIFFERENT ISLANDS. • Named Ocean – Pacific because so calm

  39. Magellan’s Travels - • FERDINAND SAILED FOR SPAIN TO SHOW THAT THE SPICE ISLANDS BELONGED TO SPAIN AND NOT TO PORTUGAL. • 260 MEN AND 5 SHIPS SET OUT ON THE VOYAGE BUT ONLY 18 MEN AND ONE SHIP SURVIVED THE VOYAGE. • MAGELLAN DIED ON APRIL 21, 1521 IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BY ANGERING THE NATIVES BY CONVERTING THEM TO CHRISTIANITY.

  40. Practice Question What was a result of the efforts of Prince Henry of Portugal, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan? The importance of Mediterranean trade routes was established. The modern concept of universal human rights was promoted. The European view of the physical world was transformed. An understanding of the benefits of cultural diversity was encouraged.

  41. England • 1497- John Cabot, an Italian, explored North America from Delaware to Newfoundland looking for a Northwest passage to Asia • 1578-79- Sir Francis Drake raided Spanish settlements on the West coast of the Americas, then sailed around the globe back to England

  42. FranceNetherlands • 1524- Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian, explored from the Carolinas to Nova Scotia • 1534-36- Jacques Cartier sailed up St. Lawrence River, looking for the Pacific • 1609- Henry Hudson, of England, sailed up Hudson River to Albany, looking for NW passage

  43. Expansion

  44. South America • Spanish rulers granted conquistadores the right to establish colonies in exchange for 1/5th of any treasure they found • This reduced risk to monarchs, since the conquistadores used their own money • Viceroyalties of New Spain (Mexico) and Peru had Monarch-appointed viceroys in charge with Council of Indies in Spain to make laws • In each town/city, the King appointed members of a cabildo (city council) which preserved order

  45. Hernando Cortes Fransisco Pizarro • 1519- landed in Mexico in search of gold • Negotiated with Montezuma, the Aztec leader, until he agreed to become a subject of the Spanish king. • Destroyed Tenochtitlan, causing the Aztec Empire to crumble. • 1529- Pizarro landed in Peru • Took advantage of a civil war in the Inca Empire and captured Atahualpa, their leader, and executed many officials • Without a strong leadership, the Inca forces were no match for Pizarro,

  46. Practice Question The Encounter occurred as a result of European explorers crossing the Atlantic Ocean Sahara Desert Andes Mountains Mediterranean Sea

  47. Reasons for Ease of Conquest • Spanish had better weapons (guns/cannons) • Spanish had horses which frightened the Aztec and Inca • Spanish were thought to be gods • Disease (small pox) carried by Europeans weakened both empires by wiping out entire villages • Indian nations hated their oppressive rulers and helped the Spanish

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