Human anatomy

1. Human anatomy SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

2. Special techniques X-rays radiograph

3. MR scan showing an enhancing mass which is a meningioma growing from the meninges at the edge of the foramen magnum. The tumour is benign but is causing compression of the brain stem and secondary hydrocephalus. MRI scan of head in sagittal plane.

4. Examination • Identify 20 structures (30 marks) • Written examination • 35 single-choice questions (35 marks) • 15 multi-choice questions (15 marks) • 4 short answer questions (20marks)

5. Descriptive anatomical terms • The anatomical position: The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally.

6. The terms of the direction • superior (cranial) • inferior (caudal) • Anterior (ventral ) • Posterior (dorsal ) • medial • lateral • internal • external • superficial • profound • proximal • distal

7. The terms of the direction • ulnar • radial • tibial • fibular • left • right • vertical • horizontal • central • unilateral • bilateral • contralateral • homolateral

8. Anatomical axesand planes • Axis ： • Vertical axis • Sagittal axis • Coronal axis

9. Anatomical axesand planes • Plane: • Sagittal plane • Coronal plane • Horizontal plane or transverse plane

10. Planes of the Body Fig 2.8 Sagittal Frontal Transverse

11. Abbreviations of terms • a., aa. artery, arteries • ant. anterior • f. fibre or fiber • inf. inferior • lig. ligament • ln. lymph node • m., mm. muscle, muscles • n., nn. nerve, nerves • post. posterior • sup. superior • v. vein

12. The Locomotor System • Composed • Bones • Joints • Muscles • Major function • Support • Protection • Locomotion

13. Introduction of the osteology • Classification of bone Bones in adult are 206 in number. Bones are classified according to their position and shape. • The position can be: • skull • bones of trunk • appendicular skeleton • Types of shape include: 1. long bone 2. short bone 3. flat bone 4. irregular bone

14. Introduction of the osteology 1. Long bones (found in limbs): • Diaphysis or shaft , which is hollow (medullary cavity,filled with bone marrow • Two ends－epiphysis • Articular surface • Metaphysis • Epiphysial cartilage • Epiphysial line 2. Short bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bones

16. Introduction of the osteology 3. Flat bones: thin, 4. Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones *Sesamoid bones develop within tendon

17. General structures of bone • Bony substance • Periosteum • Bone marrow

18. General structures of bone 1. Bony substance • compact bone • spongy bone • Trabeculae

19. General structures of bone ※In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate ,and inner plate , while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë

20. General structures of bone 2. Periosteum : • Outer or fibrous layer • Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts • Endosteum is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone. 3. Bone marrow • Red marrow ：haematopoietic 造血 • Yellow marrow: fatty

21. Chemical composition and physical properties • Organic material ：the main one is collagen gives the bones resilience and toughness • Inorganic salts ： the main one is calcium phosphate give the bones hardness and rigidity

22. Ⅰ. Bones of trunk Composition: • Vertebrae • Sacrum • Coccyx • Sternum • Ribs

23. 1. Vertebrae There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: • Cervical vertebraeC. 7 • Thoracic vertebrae T. 12 • Lumbar vertebrae L. 5 • Sacral vertebrae S. 5 →sacrum • Coccygeal vertebrae Co.3-4 →coccyx

24. 1）General features of vertebra • Vertebral body • Vertebral arch • pedicle of vertebral arch : • sup. and inf. vertebral notch • lamina of vertebral arch • process (7): • spinous process • transverse process • sup. and inf. articular processes • Vertebral foramen • Vertebral canal • Intervertebral foramen

26. 2）Regional variations of vertebrae

27. （1）Thoracic vertebrae • Vertebrae Body： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea • Vertebral foramen： smaller, rounder • Spinous processes： long, point obliquely downward • Transverse processes： transverse costal fovea • Articular processes: coronal

28. （2）Cervical vertebrae • Vertebrae Body: • small • uncus of vertebral body • Vertebral foramen: large and triangular in shape • Spinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6, and longer in C7 • Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen • Articular processes: horizontal

29. Atypical vertebeae Atlas (C1) • Body and spinous process absent • consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses • Groove for vertebral artery

30. Atypical vertebeae Axis (C2): • Distinguished by dens • Which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas

31. Atypical vertebeae • Carotid tubercle: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 • Vertebra prominens (C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes

32. （3）Lumbar vertebrae • Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape • Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular • Spinous processes: projects horizontally • Transverse processes: long • Articular processes: sagittal

33. Regional variations of vertebrae

34. （4）Sacrum • Anterior surface: • Promontory • anterior sacral foramina • (four pairs) • Posterior surface: • median sacral crest • posterior sacral foramina • (four pairs) • sacral canal • sacral hiatus • sacral cornu • Lateral part: • auricular surface • sacral tuberosity

35. Cornua Sacral hiatus palpation

36. caudal anaesthesia

38. 2. Sternum • Manubrium sterni • jugular notch • clavicular notch • Body of sternum • Costal notches • Xiphoid process

39. 2. Sternum ★ Sternal angle : • the junction of manubrium and body • which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally • lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly

40. 3. Ribs General features • 12 pair • Ribs 1~7 called true ribs • Ribs 8~10 called false ribs • Ribs 11~12 called floating ribs

41. 1）Characteristics of “typical” rib • Posterior end • costal head • costal neck • costal tubercle • Shaft • costal angle • costal groove • Anterior end

42. Atypical rib • First rib: • tubercle for scalenus anterior • sulcus for subclavian vein and artery • 11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles and angles

43. Vertebral body Vertebral arch pedicle of vertebral arch sup. and inf. vertebral notch lamina of vertebral arch spinous process transverse process sup. and inf. articular processes Vertebral foramen Intervertebral foramen superior and inferior costal fovea transverse costal fovea transverse foramen Atlas Groove for vertebral artery Promontory anterior sacral foramina median sacral crest posterior sacral foramina You must identify follow structures！

44. sacral canal sacral hiatus sacral cornu auricular surface sacral tuberosity Manubrium sterni jugular notch clavicular notch Body of sternum Xiphoid process Sternal angle costal head costal neck costal tubercle costal angle costal groove You must identify follow structures！