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LIPIDS

LIPIDS. Daniel Bučánek Jan Gembík. Lipids. Fatty acids Glycerides Nonglycerol lipids Complex lipids. Types of lipids. Fatty acids Saturated Unsaturated. Glycerides Neutra Phospoglycerides. Nonglycerides Sphingolipids Steroid Waxes. Complex lipids Lipoproteins Glykolipids.

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LIPIDS

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  1. LIPIDS Daniel Bučánek Jan Gembík

  2. Lipids • Fatty acids • Glycerides • Nonglycerol lipids • Complex lipids

  3. Types of lipids Fatty acids Saturated Unsaturated Glycerides Neutra Phospoglycerides Nonglycerides Sphingolipids Steroid Waxes Complex lipids Lipoproteins Glykolipids

  4. Lipid functions Cell membrane structure • Creates a barrier for the cell • Controls flow of materials Energy storage • Fats stored in adipose tissue Hormones and vitamins • Hormones – communication between cells • Vitamins – assist in the regulation of biological processes

  5. Fatty acids structure Long chain monocarboxylic acids CH3(CH2)nCOOH • Size range: C12 – C14 • Always an even number of carbon • Saturated – no double bonds • Unsaturated – one or more double bonds

  6. Fatty acids structure Saturated Unsaturated cis trans

  7. Some common fatty acids Common name IUPAC name MP °C Formula Presence of double bonds reduced melting point. In nature, all double bonds are ´cis´.

  8. Steric acid Oleic acid

  9. Reactions of fatty acids React like any other carboxylic acid.

  10. Unsaturated fatty acids eicosanoids Eicosanoids • All are unsaturated. • All have twenty carbons. • Some are essential fatty acids Can´t be produced by the body. examples: linoleic and linoleic acids Three groups: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

  11. Prostaglandins Originaly isolated from seminal fluid. All are derived from arachidonic acid.

  12. Prostaglandins

  13. Prostaglandins Biological effect • Stimulation of smooth muscles • Regulation of steroid production • Inhibition of gastric secretion • Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipases • Inhibition / stimulation of plate aggregation • Regulation of nerve transmission • Sensitization of pain • Mediation of inflamantory response

  14. Blood clotting Thromboxane A2 Produced by platelets in blood. Stimulates constrictions of blood vessel. Aggregation of platelets. Prostacyclin Produced by cells that line blood vessels. Reverses effects of throbmoxane A2 Aspirin therapy Acts as anticoagulent – antiplatelet aggregation.

  15. Inflammantory response Protective mechanism when tissue is damaged. Ressults in swelling, redness, fever and pain. Prostaglandins promote this response. Drug like aspirin and ibuprofen • Anti - inflammatories • Block prostaglandins synthesis • Cause reduction in this response

  16. Neutral glycerides Ester of glycerol and fatty acid. Principal function is energy storage – fat or oil.

  17. Fats and oils • Both are triglycerides • Fats • typically obtained from animals • solids at room temperature • made from saturated fatty acids • Oils • typically obtained from plants • liquids at room temperature • made from unsaturated fatty acids

  18. Waxes • Water insoluble and hard to hydrolyze • Often used to provide a protective coating (leaves, skin, fur, hair….) • Bees wax and Sebum are examples • Ester of a fatty acid and a long chain alcohol

  19. Phospoglycerides • Lipids that contain a phosphate group. • Modified fat where a phospate replaces one of the fatty acid chain. • Uses • production of cell membrenes • emulsifying agents Lecithin-phosphatidylcholin Polar head Nonpolar tail

  20. Nonglycerol lipids Sphingolipids • A type of phospolipid not derived from fat. • Used primarily in nerve tissue – myelin sheath. • In people, 25% of all lipids are sphingolipids.

  21. Steroids Broad class of compounds that all have the same base structure. Cholesterol Principal membrane lipid for fluidity.

  22. Complex lipids • Lipids bound to other molecules • Combination results in the structure

  23. Complex lipids Four major classes of plasma lipoproteins • Chilomikrons • Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) • Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) • High-density lipoproteins (HDL) Each is composed of several types of lipids

  24. Composition of complex lipoproteins

  25. Composition of complex lipoproteins

  26. Function of lipoproteins • Chilomikrons Transport triglicerides from intestines to other tissue – except kdneys • VLDL Bind triglycerides in liver and carry them to fat tissue • LDL Carry choresterol to peripheral tissue • HLD Bound to plasma choresterol Transport cholesterol to liver

  27. Transport of lipoproteins

  28. Source • Some information from internet. • Some information from lecture of Biochemistry. • And some information from 12.Lesson with name Biochemistry.

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