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Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy from Food

This chapter discusses cellular respiration, the process of breaking down carbohydrates to produce ATP and NADH. It covers the pathways of anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration, as well as the efficiency of glycolysis. The chapter also explores lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

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Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy from Food

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  1. Cellular Respiration Chapter 7 pgs 131-147 Food to energy

  2. Harvesting Chemical Energy • From photosynthesis we get carbohydrates (glucose) • Cellular respiration: Breaking down the carbohydrates (glucose) to make ATP and NADH • NADH is an electron carrier • Starts with glycolysis • Glyco = sugar • Lysis = breaking • Breaking down sugars

  3. What happens after Glycolysis? • Chemicals can take one of two pathways • Anaerobic (no oxygen present) fermentation • Makes no ATP, but keeps the cycles going • Aerobic respiration • Makes a lot of ATP

  4. Glycolysis • 1 six carbon glucose broken down into 2 three carbon pyruvic acid molecules • Happens out in the cytoplasm

  5. What happens next depends on whether there is oxygen present or not.

  6. Fermentation • If there is no oxygen some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds and get some more NAD+ • No ATP is made, but the NAD+ can keep Glycolysis going to make a little ATP • 2 kinds of fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation

  7. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Converting pyruvic acid to Lactic acid • A.K.A. milk acid • Bacteria are used to do this to get cheese, yogurt, and sour cream • Under heavy exercise you use up Oxygen faster than you can replace it • Lactic Acid builds up and the acidity causes fatigue, pain and cramps.

  8. Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeast convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol • They break a CO2 off of pyruvic acid • The 2 carbon sugar left behind forms ethyl alcohol • Basis of wine and beer industry, and bread making

  9. Efficiency of Glycolysis • Compare the kilocalories of Glucose with the kilocalories in the ATP that is made. • The 2 ATP molecules made during glycolysis receive only 2% of the energy in glucose • Where does the rest go? • It’s still in pyruvic acid • This small amount of energy is enough for bacteria, but more complex organisms need more of glucoses energy.

  10. Objectives • Define Cellular respiration • Describe the major events in glycolysis • Compare and contrast lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation • Calculate the efficiency of glycolysis

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