Neuroanatomy Tutorial

1. This is the first of 3 digital resources provided to you as part of your Neuroanatomy lab for today. Please use these online tools as you see fit to complete the objectives of your. The digital movies in the next two sections can be paused, scrolled, and explored at will. Colours of the “Internal Structures” are coded to the provided sheets. At the end of the digital component of the lab, the organizers would be grateful if you could complete the quiz and feedback sheet. Questions for the quiz are found under the “Quiz” Section to the right. It is a timed quiz that we’d like you do do individually if you dare. Neuroanatomy Tutorial

2. Objectives 3D neuroanatomy is difficult to learn on brain slices As important as the structures themselves, the relationship of each structure within the brain is important Presenting the brain in a 3D model, with the ability to stop the video, rewing, fastforward, might make it easier

3. The cortex region of the brain the most exterior surface. It consists of two types of matter: grey and white. It is divided into two hemispheres (left and right) and several lobes each with a different primary function. CEREBRAL BRAIN LOBES

4. The Frontal Lobe Superior • Blue in Figures • Located in the anterior portion of the cortex • Function: • Ability to recognize future consequences resulting form current actions, and make movement decisions accordingly • Contains Broca’s Area A P Left View Superior Frontal View R L R A P Superior View L

5. The Temporal Lobe Superior • Green in Figure • Located in the lower lateral portion of the cortex • Function: • Auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory complex. • Contains Wernicke’s Area A P Left View Superior Frontal View Frontal View R L R A P Superior View L

6. The Occipital Lobe Superior • Pink in Figure • Located in the posterior portion of the cortex • Function: • Visual perception and is home to the primary visual cortex A P Left View Left View Superior L R Posterior View R A P Superior View Superior View L

7. The Parietal Lobe Superior • Yellow in Figure • Located in the superior aspect of the cortex • Function: • Integrating sensory information perceived to determine spatial sense and navigation and consequently contains the somatosensory cortex A P Left View Superior L R Posterior View Posterior View R A P Superior View L

8. The Insular Cortex • Purple in Figure • Located within the lateral sulcus under an area called the operculum – an area of the cortex comprised of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes overlying this area • Function: • Consiousness Superior A P Left View

9. The cortex is not a smooth surface, in fact it is comprised of several fissures (Grooves extending through the cotex), sulci (indents or valleys in the cortex) and gyri (bumps or ridges in the cortex) which work to increase the overall surface area of the cortex. SULCI, GYRI AND FISSURES

10. The Longitudinal Fissure • Pink in Figure • Also known as the interhemispheric fissure • Divides the cortex into left and right hemispheres Posterior View Superior Superior R L R R L A P Frontal View Superior View L

11. The Central Sulcus • Red in Figure • Found on the exterior of the cortex • Separates the primary somatosensory cortex within the parietal lobe from the primary motor cortex within the frontal lobe Superior R A P A P Left View Superior View L

12. The Lateral Sulcus • Blue in Figure • Found on the lateral aspect of the cortex • Separates the temporal and frontal lobes Superior A P Left View

13. The Calcarine Sulcus • Green in Figure • Found on medial and posterior aspect of the cortex in both hemispheres • This is the area where the primary visual cortex is concentrated Superior A P Medial View

14. The Parieto-Occipital Sulcus • Purple in Figure • Found on the medial and superior aspect of the cortex in both hemispheres • Separates the parietal and occipital lobes and joins the calcarine sulcus Superior A P Medial View

15. The Precentral Gyrus • Yellow in Figure • Found anterior to the cetnral sulcus within the frontal lobe • Contains the primary motor cortex • Function: • Plan and execute movements Superior R A P A P Left View Superior View L

16. The Postcentral Gyrus • Pink in Figure • Found posterior to the central sulcus within the parietal lobe • Contains the primary somatosensory cortex • Function: • Proprioception, nociception Superior R A P A P Left View Superior View L

21. Left Brain Only AREAS OF LANGUAGE

22. Broca’s Area • Purple in Figure • Found in the Left Frontal Lobe • Involved in Language Processing, speech production and comprehension • Broca’s Aphasia: • unable to create grammatically complex sentences and understand their deficit Superior A P Left View

23. Wernicke’s Area • Green in Figure • Found in the Left Parietal Lobe • Wernicke’s Aphasia: • major impairment of language comprehension • can speak with normal grammar, syntax, rate, intonation and stress, but their language content is incorrect.  Superior A P Left View

24. The Little Brain THE CEREBELLUM

25. The Cerebellum • Orange in Figure • Located at the posterior and inferior aspect of the brain, tucked underneath the occipital lobe • Function: • Fine tune motor activity through integrating input from the sensory systems • Does not initiate movement, only adjusts it to smooth it Posterior View Superior Superior L R A P Left View

26. The Diancephalon and Brain Stem INNER BRAIN STRUCTURES

27. The Thalamus • Yellow in the figure • Largest structure in the diancephalon • Situated between the cortex and midbrain bilaterally with a small joined part in between • Function: • act as a relay between a variety of subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex Superior A P Medial View Left Oblique View

28. The Hypothalamus • Pink in the figure • Situated inferior and anterior to the thalamus • Contains the pituitary gland • Function: • link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland Superior A P Medial View Left Oblique View

29. The Epithalamus • Red in the figure • Smallest structure in the diancephalon • Situated posterior to the thalamus • Contains the pineal glands • Function: • secretion of melatonin Superior A P Medial View Left Oblique View

30. Midbrain (Mesencephalon) • Green in Figure • Situated between diancephalon and pons within the brain stem • Function: • Contains the substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of the basal ganglia Superior Superior Left Oblique View Frontal View A P L R Medial View

31. Pons • Purple in Figure • Situated between midbrain and medulla within the brainstem • Function: •  White mater tracts that conduct signals from the  Cortex down to the cerebellum and medulla • tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus Superior Superior Left Oblique View Frontal View A P L R Medial View

32. Medulla Oblongata • Blue in Figure • Situated below the medulla within the brainstem • Function: •  cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor  centers • deals with autonomic involuntary functions, such as breathing heart rate and blood pressure Superior Superior Left Oblique View Frontal View A P L R Medial View

33. Ventricles are the cavities through which Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) circulates around the brain and spinal cord. The ventricles have three main parts which all contribute to CSF production THE VENTRICLE SYSTEM

34. Lateral Ventricles A • Orange in figure • Located bilaterally, and are the largest component of the ventricular system • Function: • CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) produced here passes into the 3rd ventricle and is used for bathing and cushioning the brain and spinal cord R L Superior View P Superior A P Medial View Superior View

35. Third Ventricle A • Purple in figure • Located centrally between the two thalami • Function: • Receives CSF from the lateral ventricles • Produces CSF and passes it into the 4th ventricle via the aquaduct R L Superior View P Superior A P Medial View

36. Fourth Ventricle A • Green in figure • Located centrally as a diamond shaped projection off of the cerebral aquaduct • Function: • Receives CSF from the 3rd ventricles • Passes CSF into the subarachnoid space situated around the brain R L Superior View P Superior A P Medial View

37. Cerebral white matter • Commissural • Connecting the two hemispheres • Corpus callosum • Anterior commissure • Posterior commissure

38. Corpus callosum

39. Cerebral white matter • Association • Connect different areas of the hemisphere • Superior longitudinal fasciculus = arcuate fasciculus • Fonrtotemporal/parietal region • Integration of speech/auditory nuclei • Inferior longitudinal fasciculus • Temporal and occipital lobes • Uncinate • Cingulum • Fornix • Stria terminalis

40. Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

41. Uncinate

42. Cingulum

43. Cerebral white matter • Projection • Projection from the cortex to the thalmus, pons, spinal cord • Thalamic radiation • Corticospinal tracts

44. Thalamic projections

45. premotor cortex and frontal eye field • somatosensory association cortex Superior A P Left View

46. Corpus callosum • Rostrum • Genu • Body • Splenium