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Selected Theories of Word Meaning

Selected Theories of Word Meaning.  Reference Sense  Mental images  Various lexical relations. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language , 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 154-156. Relationships between Words (Semantic).  Synonyms

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Selected Theories of Word Meaning

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  1. Selected Theories of Word Meaning  Reference • Sense  Mental images  Various lexical relations Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 154-156.

  2. Relationships between Words(Semantic)  Synonyms • Antonyms • Homophones / Homonyms • Hyponyms  Heteronyms  Polysemous words Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 156-159.

  3. Types of Antonyms Gradable Pairs more A means less B big/small hot/cold Complementary Pairs A = not B; B = not A alive/dead awake/asleep (Relative scale: small elephant/big mouse) Relational Pairs If X = Y’s A, then Y = X’s B teacher/student give/receive

  4. Heteronyms ( 破音字 ) lead read dove bow rendezvous record articulate

  5. Semantic Features of Words 1  person, woman, doctor, boy, engineer, baby +human  doe, lady, sister, mare, her +female  girl, actress, woman, aunt, wife, widow +human, +female  child, baby, puppy, kitten • +animate, +young

  6. Semantic Features of Words 2 生命 人 雄性 成年 桌子 –––– 母牛 + –– + 姑娘 ++–– 女人 + + – + 男孩 + + + – 男人 + + + + 語言學導論，George Yule 著，張文軒譯，李靜芝校訂　(The Study of Language: An Introduction) 台北市：書林出版有限公司，1999, p. 138.

  7. Speech Errors 1 Intended Utterance Actual Utterance (Error) bridge of the nose bridge of the neck when my gums bled when my tongues bled he came too late he came too early Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.

  8. Speech Errors 2 Mary was young Mary was early lady with the dachshund lady with the Volkswagen a horse of another color a horse of another race he has to pay her alimony he has to pay her rent Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.

  9. Thematic Roles Agent Theme (or Patient) Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 165.

  10. Thematic Roles in Chinese (SOME MARKERS—not all take markers) Agent Theme Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor)

  11. Thematic Roles in Chinese (SOME MARKERS—not all take markers) Agent 被 [Passive only] Theme 把 Location 在 上 下 左 右 Goal 到 給 Source 從 向 跟 Instrument 用　 Experiencer (Causative) 讓　 etc (Possessor) 的　

  12. Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 6) Semantic Ambiguity a. bank b. kind: noun vs. adjective c. sole d. drill; boring e. deed f. ruler g. can: noun vs. modal h. shop: noun vs. verb i. a woman: same woman OR different women j. make your own bed: idiom or not k. job vs. idiom l. marry; a Norwegian woman (same as i)

  13. Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 9) 1 Semantic Features A. a & b +male, +animate a +human b –human B. a & b NOUNS ? a +count (countable) b –count (non-count; mass nouns) C. a & b NOUNS ? a +concrete b –concrete (abstract)

  14. Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 9) 2 Semantic Features D. a & b +plant a trees b flowers E. a & b ? a written things/documents b writing instruments F. a & b motion VERBS a individual effort / without a vehicle b done with a vehicle

  15. Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 9) 3 Semantic Features G. a & b speaking a no manner specified b particular manner specified H. a & b ANTONYMS a complementary b gradable I. a & b ADJECTIVES a “non-implicational” (Adj N may not be an N) b “implicational” (Adj N is an N)

  16. Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 11) 1 Antonyms good bad g expensive cheap g parent offspring r beautiful ugly g false true c lessor lessee r pass fail c

  17. Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 11) 2 Antonyms hot cold g legal illegal c larger smaller r poor rich g fast slow g asleep awake c husband wife r rude polite g

  18. Chapter on Meaning Homework (9th Edition: Ex 12) Hints a. bare b. lead c. praise d. byte e. sight f. pairs g. plain h. karat i. mane j. frees

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