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Understanding Gender and Sexual Identity: Components and Societal Implications

This comprehensive overview explores the critical components of sexual identity—including biological sex, gender identity, and sexuality. It defines sex as biological traits and examines gender as a culturally conditioned identity, emphasizing gender roles and social expectations. Additionally, it discusses the social stratification linked to gender inequity, highlighting issues such as sexism, disparities in pay, and barriers to advancement for women. By understanding these concepts, we can foster awareness of the societal structures that impact gender dynamics and individuals' experiences across various realms of life.

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Understanding Gender and Sexual Identity: Components and Societal Implications

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  1. Social Stratification: Sex & Gender

  2. Part ONE: Components of Sexual Identity

  3. Component #1: Sex • DEFINITION: • Biological/chromosomal distinctions that determine physical characteristics in males and females • Sex chromosomes, sex organs, sex hormones & reproductive functions

  4. Component # 2: Gender • DEFINITION: • Culturally, socially & historically conditioned categories of identity • Based primarily on cultural values

  5. Component # 2: Gender • Gender Identity: • Culturally conditioned sense of self • One’s awareness of being masculine or feminine • Gender Roles: • Specific behaviors & attitudes expected of men and women, as established by society

  6. Component # 2: Gender

  7. Component # 2: Gender • Cultural universals in regards to gender roles? • Are there only two genders? California’s 2006 DMV Manual

  8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XBCLGDbhKg

  9. Component #3: Sexuality • DEFINITION: • A concept that includes an individual’s desires, behaviors, sexual identity, and orientation

  10. Component #3: Sexuality • Sexual Orientation: • Patterns of sexual attraction exhibited by an individual • Continuumof sexual orientation, rather than sharp categories • Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual

  11. Part TWO: Social Stratification

  12. Gender Inequity • Sexism (Individual): • The belief that one sex is superior to the other • Inherent biological differences create naturally different roles; these roles lead to the differential distribution of power, status & income

  13. Gender Inequity • Sexism (Institutional): • Policies, procedures & practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women • Examples: • Education, politics, workplace, athletics, etc.

  14. Fascinating Womanhood • Helen B. Andelin, 1965 • Home Economics textbook for high school girls • Excerpts

  15. Fascinating Womanhood • Get your work done • Prepare yourself • Have dinner ready • Clear away the clutter • Prepare the children • Minimize all noise

  16. Fascinating Womanhood • Be happy to see him • Make him comfortable • Listen to him • Make the evening his • The goal • Some don’ts

  17. World Gender Inequity • Annual Human Rights Report, 2006 • EXAMPLES OF INEQUITY: • Sex trade & forced labor (Ghana) • Honor killings (Middle East & North Africa) • Underage prostitution • Sex-selective breeding • Female circumcision

  18. U.S. Gender Inequity • EDUCATION: • Studies show young boys are called on more often in school and receive more of a teacher’s attention

  19. U.S. Gender Inequity • The “Glass Ceiling” • Idea that there is an invisible barrier that keeps woman from advancing to the top positionswithin a company

  20. U.S. Gender Inequity • The Glass Escalator: • Men who enter predominantly female occupations are disproportionately likely to be promoted to leadership positions

  21. U.S. Gender Inequity • Disparities in Pay: • For every dollar a man earns in the U.S., women earn 81 cents • Women are over represented in higher education, but men are compensated more for the same education…

  22. Disparities in Earnings Remain Significant

  23. U.S. Gender Inequity • Why? Type of work women do? • However…book editing/nursing… • More likely to be caregivers to children/elderly parents

  24. U.S. Gender Inequity • The Second Shift • While women are now working in greater numbers, men are only doing slightly more housework

  25. U.S. Gender Inequity • Business: • Money from investors and loans for entrepreneurs and startups mostly goes from men to other men

  26. U.S. Gender Inequity • POLITICS & GOVERNMENT: • Though number of women in politics has increased, representation is still a problem • WHY? • Low “supply” of candidates • Low “demand” for female candidates • “Damned-if-you-do-or-don’t” standards

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