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1. Unit 3 Part 1: Age of Revolutions

   7-3.1 Explain the causes, key events, and outcomes of the French Revolution, including the storming of the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, and Napoleon’s rise to power. 7-3.2 Analyze the effects of the Napoleonic Wars on the development and spread of nationalism in Europe, including the Congress of Vienna, the revolutionary movements of 1830 and 1848, and the unification of Germany and Italy. 7-3.3 Explain how the Haitian, Mexican, and South American revolutions were influenced by Enlightenment ideas as well as by the spread of nationalism and the revolutionary movements in the United States and Europe. 7-3.4 Explain how the Industrial Revolution caused economic, cultural, and political changes around the world.
2. King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette
3. The French Revolution Revolution-a sweeping change The French Revolution was inspired by the American Revolution and the Enlightenment. There were 2 causes to the French Revolution: Unfair social classes King Louis XVI spent too much money
4. Unfair Social Classes First Estate-Catholic Clergy; owned 15% of land; made up 1% of the population Second Estate-Nobility; owned 25% of land; made up 2% of the population Third Estate-Everyone else (lawyers, craftsmen, merchants, and peasants); paid the majority of taxes and were not represented enough in government. Most of the Third Estate was made up of peasants.
5. King Louis XVI King Louis XVI was a weak and extravagant leader. He spent too much money fighting wars (such as allying with the Americans in the American Revolution) and he spent too much money on himself. The people of France paid a lot in taxes and banks refused to loan Louis XVI any more money.
6. The Estates-General meeting Because the banks wouldn’t loan him any more money, he was forced to call together a meeting of the Estates-General, or the legislative body. The Third Estate demanded a new power structure allowing each male citizen one vote instead of each Estate having one vote each. (This would mean that the Third Estate would gain more power.) Their request was denied, so they broke away and formed a new government known as the National Assembly.
7. The National Assembly The National Assembly symbolized an end to absolute monarchy in France as well as the start of representative government. They tried to attend another Estates-General meeting, but they were kicked out. They gathered on the king’s tennis courts and wrote a new constitution known as the Tennis Court Oath.
8. The Fall of the Bastille
9. The Beginning of the Revolution On July 14, 1789, a mob of peasants stormed the Bastille, a hated prison. They gathered weapons and tore the Bastille down. This was the OFFICIAL beginning of the French Revolution. Riots broke out across the countryside as peasants began robbing the homes of nobles, killing them because of their anger over the estates system and their poverty.
10. The Legislative Assembly In 1791, a constitutional monarchy was established. This weakened the power of the king and granted power to the people. It was called the Legislative Assembly. In late 1791, the constitution was set aside and the king was put in prison. The legislature took over in the form of a new government known as the National Convention.
11. The National Convention The National Convention declared France a republic and allowed all men to vote. They began a military draft to raise an army to protect the revolution from the armies of other European monarchs. The National Convention also used the guillotine as a way of protecting the revolution from enemies within France.
12. Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of Terror
13. Most members of the National Convention were a part of the Jacobins, a radical revolutionary group (Meaning: They wanted a lot of changes). From this group, Maximilien Robespierre gained power as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety in mid 1793. He later became the dictator of France and set up an unlimited government. This was called the Reign of Terror because 25,000-40,000 enemies of the revolution were executed on the guillotine. Most killed were nobles, but this also included the King and Queen.
14. The Directory Members of the National Convention feared for their own lives, so they executed Robespierre in July 1794. After this, a more conservative (people that didn’t support many changes) government took over called the Directory. The Directory ruled for four years and included five men.
15. Napoleon Bonaparte
16. Governments throughout the French Revolution Absolute monarchy National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention Directory Napoleon’s Empire
17. The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte While the Directory was in power, a man named Napoleon Bonaparte was making a name for himself in the French army. People stopped supporting the Directory, so Napoleon staged a coup d’etat, or government takeover, and took the title of First Consul. This was the official end of the French Revolution. Napoleon set up a national banking system, an efficient taxation system, and ended government corruption.
18. Napoleonic Code
19. Napoleon also restored the position of the Catholic Church and this ended up making the people support him even more. He wrote a system of laws called the Napoleonic Code. In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France. By 1812, Napoleon controlled most of Europe. He did this by fighting wars, known as the Napoleonic Wars, across Europe. The wars began after he declared himself emperor. He began sending his armies in to conquer neighboring countries in Europe and was successful most of the time.
20. The Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte The French Empire extended from France into parts of the English Channel and to Russia. Napoleon was never able to conquer Britain and Russia. Beginning in 1812, Napoleon made three mistakes that led to his downfall: The blockade of Britain (Continental System)-Napoleon cut off access to Britain to keep them from making money-it didn’t work. The Peninsular War-lasted a long time and Napoleon could never fully conquer Spain and Portugal Invasion of Russia-France was unprepared and lost almost their entire army
21. Battle of Waterloo
22. In 1814, Napoleon surrendered the throne and was exiled to the island of Elba. He escaped in 1815, gathered his allies, and in what was known as the Hundred Days, he tried one more time to regain power. He lost his final battle in Waterloo, Belgium and was exiled to the island of St. Helena where he died.
23. The Effects of Napoleon’s Rule The effects of the Napoleonic Wars was the development and spread of nationalism and other revolutions in Europe. As Napoleon’s armies were conquering other nations, his soldiers started spreading ideas of the Enlightenment, changes of government, and revolution. These ideas ended up leading to Napoleon’s defeat because people realized they wanted limited government.
24. Napoleon’s armies even backed revolutions in the lands they were conquering. At the same time, Napoleon was trying to force French customs and culture and this caused people to despise him and be more loyal to their countries. Therefore, nationalism began to develop and spread. Nationalism: the belief that one’s greatest loyalty is to a shared culture (common history, religion, language, etc.) rather than to a leader or border People across Europe used an idea from the French Revolution to call for freedom—”Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
25. Congress of Vienna
26. Congress of Vienna After Napoleon’s final defeat, representatives from across Europe met at what was called the Congress of Vienna. At this meeting, they reestablished a balance of power (Meaning: The restored all lands taken by Napoleon to their rightful nation and put monarchs back on the thrones of these nations.) Even after this, people still desired more freedoms and limited governments.
27. Nationalist Movements Nationalist movements spread across Europe after 1815. This means that the citizens of nations were desiring a change. These people leading these movements were liberals and radicals (people wanting changes). There were two types of nationalist movements: Unification: people of common culture from different states being joined together Separation: groups that broke away from their current government to form one that more represented their interests.
28. Balkan Peninsula
29. Nationalist movements began in the Balkan Region with the nation of Greece in 1821. Greece rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and won with the help of Britain, France, and Russia in 1830. Other revolutions occurred in Belgium, Italy, and Russia, but they were crushed by the 1830s. Revolutions began to spread across Europe in 1848—most were put down except in France.
30. Charles X
31. Louis-Philippe
32. Louis-Napoleon/Napoleon III
33. Changes in France Charles X (10th) had tried to set up an absolute monarchy but was unsuccessful. He was replaced by Louis-Philippe. He ruled for a while but people stopped supporting him so he was overthrown in favor of a republic (where a leader is voted on). A president was elected named Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew). He later took the title Emperor Napoleon III and he stabilized and industrialized France.
34. Germany Before Unification
35. Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck
36. Nationalism in Germany Germany had a unification movement. The German Confederation was made up of 39 states. Austria and Prussia were the largest and most powerful. Prussia had a powerful army and wanted to unify these states into one Germany. Prussia’s king was Wilhelm I and he was supported by a group known as the Junkers.
37. Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck, a Junker, as the Prime Minister of Prussia. Bismarck took full control of Prussia and ruled under a policy called “realpolitik” (politics of reality). He said that decisions would be made by blood and iron instead of speeches.
38. There were 3 wars to unify Germany. Austria and Prussia formed an alliance to take land from Denmark. Prussia and Austria won. Prussia turned on Austria, leading to the Seven Weeks War. Prussia won. Bismarck changed the wording of the Ems Telegram, a document in which he made it seem that King Wilhelm I had insulted the French ambassador to Prussia. He published the telegram and France got mad and declared war. Napoleon III was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War. German unification was complete.
39. Italy Before Unification
40. Camillo di Cavour of Italy
41. Nationalism in Italy Italy had a unification movement. Count Camillodi Cavour led the unification of the northern Italian states. The kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest and most powerful. Cavour won land from Austria in northern Italy.
42. Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II
43. Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader of the Red Shirts, led unification movements in the south by capturing Sicily. Cavour convinced Garibaldi to unite the north and south. In 1860, King Victor Emmanuel II began leading the united Italy with Rome as the Capital.
44. Europe After Unifications
45. Changes on the European Map Four short wars were fought between 1859 and 1871. This redrew the map of Europe because of German and Italian unification. After this time, for about 40 years, Europe remained fairly peaceful.
46. Latin America
47. Latin American Revolutions Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico, and South America were inspired by the American Revolution, revolutions in Europe, the Enlightenment, and the spread of nationalism. The main reason for a lot of these revolutions was due to the social class structures in Latin America.
48. Social Class Structure The peninsulares, wealthy Spanish-born citizens, made up the smallest percentage of the population, yet they had the most power. The creoles were Spanish people born in Latin America. They could not hold office, but they could be army officers. Together, these two classes held all of the land, wealth, and power in Latin America.
49. Beneath the peninsulares and creoles were: Mestizos-European and Indian ancestry Mulattos-European and African ancestry Slaves
50. Where is Haiti located?
51. Toussaint-L’Ouverture
52. Haitian Revolution Haiti was a French colony called Saint-Domingue. The revolution in Haiti was inspired by the American Revolution. The majority of the population in Haiti were slaves and they were treated brutally and lived in poor conditions. In 1791, 100,000 slaves led by Toussaint-L’Ouverture revolted.
53. By 1801, L’Ouverture had gained control of the island and freed all of the slaves. In 1802, France sent in troops to deal with the situation. The French army sent Toussaint L’Ouverture to France where he died in a French prison in 1803. The French could not successfully stop the rebellion and in 1804, Haiti declared their independence. It was the only successful slave revolt in history.
54. King Joseph of Spain
55. Creoles Because the creoles were educated in Europe and exposed to the Enlightenment, they led most of the independence movements in Latin America. As the ideals of the Enlightenment spread throughout Latin America, the lower classes were inspired as well. Napoleon Bonaparte’s decision to conquer much of Europe caused the creoles to worry, especially when Napoleon made his brother Joseph the king of Spain.
56. Creoles began fighting for rights and equality that was not allowed by their social class system. John Locke said that if a government is mistreating the citizens, they can rebel and form a new government. This inspired the creoles to break their “social contract.”
57. Hidalgo
58. Revolution in Mexico In Mexico, the independence movement from Spain was led by mestizos (at first). Padre Miguel y Costilla Hidalgo (Father Miguel Hidalgo) called for rebellion and a crowd marched toward Mexico City. They were inspired by the Enlightenment. They were defeated in 1811 by the upper classes. Another attempt at revolt four years later failed.
59. In 1821, Mexican creoles declared independence from Spain because they were afraid of losing power. Augustin de Iturbide became the emperor. In 1823, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica declared their independence from Mexico.
60. Martin and Bolivar
61. South American Revolutions Simon Bolivar, a creole general, led independence movements in South America against Spain. He started with his home country of Venezuela. Then, he moved into Colombia and Ecuador, meeting up with Jose de San Martin, who had freed Chile. Together, they freed Peru.
62. Simon Bolivar dreamed of uniting all Spanish colonies in South America into one country called Gran Colombia. For a short time, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united. They eventually separated into independent nations.
63. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1700s. It followed the Agricultural Revolution and early advancements in technology and machinery. 3 things contributed to increasing agricultural production: The Enclosure Movement Crop rotation Advanced agricultural technology
64. The Enclosure Movement The Enclosure movement occurred when Parliament passed a new law allowing landowners to fence off their lands. This meant that landowners no longer had to rent out their land to peasants. Instead, they would grow crops or graze sheep on this larger plot of land. This allowed for more crop growth. The peasants, or small farmers were forced to move to the cities in search of work.
65. Seed Drill
66. Crop Rotation and Advanced Technology in Agriculture Crop rotation meant that farmers would rotate crops on 3 fields instead of 2. This allowed a field to “rest” to keep from over-working the soil. New advanced agricultural machinery included the development of the seed drill that allowed seeds to be planted at a faster rate.
67. Why it began in Great Britain… There were many reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain: Natural resources Rivers and harbors Experienced entrepreneurs (people willing to invest money) Rising population Political stability (good government) Increasing world trade Economic prosperity (making a lot of money)
68. Map of Europe
69. Northeastern US
70. Slater Mill/Pawtucket, RI
71. Lowell Mill and Lowell Method
72. The Spread of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution eventually spread to the United States (northeast) and other countries in Europe such as Belgium and Germany. It later began in Japan as a result of the nation trying to fight off threats from other nations. The Industrial Revolution caused major economic, cultural, and political changes around the entire world.
73. Economic Changes The economic changes caused by the Industrial Revolution still have an effect on our world today. Economic changes began with the invention of machines. New textile machines for spinning and weaving that had previously been done by hand increased production of cloth goods. Textiles-woven cloth
74. Textile Technology Cotton gin Spinning jenny Flying shuttle Spinning mule Water frame loom
75. New Machines The flying shuttle advanced technology by doubling the amount of weaving a worker could do in one day. The spinning jenny allowed one spinner to spin 8 threads at a time. At first operated by hand, these machines were later powered by the water frame which used water for power.
76. The spinning mule was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame. It also produced a stronger product. The water-powered power loom increased the speed of weaving even more. The cotton gin increased cotton production by removing seeds by machine rather than hand.
77. Cottage Industry to Factory System
78. As machines grew larger, factories were built to house the machines. Originally, these machines were kept in houses. This was called the cottage industry. Merchants would travel cottage to cottage delivering cotton or wool. The people who lived in the cottages would weave it into cloth and the merchants would come back and pick up the finished product.
79. Because of the increasing demand for waterpower to drive machines, factories were built near water or streams. Jobs were then moved to factories. Factories were built in established cities or towns near water sources. After the development of the steam engine by James Watt, factories could be built away from water because the engine was powering machines.
80. Coal and iron were the main resources used to power and build these engines and machines During the 2nd Industrial Revolution that began in the 1870s, electricity, chemicals, and steel were the main sources of building and powering machines.
81. Changes in Transportation Transportation improved with the development of the steam engine. The steam engine was later used to power steamboats and locomotives. This lead to the building of canals and railways for trade and transportation. The railroad boom created new jobs for railroad workers and miners were needed to get coal to power these machines.
82. It was now less expensive to trade and transport goods. Trade over long distances grew and travel also became easier for humans.
83. Factory System The factory system was the system of having machines and workers under one roof. This led to the division of labor, or assigning specific tasks to workers. This led to the production of more goods. Interchangeable parts are identical, machine-made parts. Since they were no longer created by hand, more could be made at one time.
84. Urbanization
85. Bad Working Conditions
86. Mass production is the production of a large number of goods. This allowed goods to be available to a large portion of the population. Workers often spent 14 hours a day, 6 days a week. Working conditions were dangerous and often resulted in injury. People could earn more money in a factory than on a farm, so more people began moving to cities. This is called urbanization (the movement of people from a rural area to a city).
87. Cultural Changes Rural to urban migration led to many cultural changes. The division of labor made it even more clear who was the upper class and who was the working class. Many European cities doubled in population. Because of the low pay for workers and because the living conditions in cities were not controlled by anyone, housing conditions were poor.
88. Many people lived in a crowded area without utilities or running water. Conditions were unsanitary and cities were polluted by the factories. Crime increased, but there was really no police protection. The middle class and upper classes (business owners and other professionals) moved to nicer homes outside of the cities called suburbs.
89. Political Changes Because working conditions were so dangerous and because the class divisions were growing more, many political (government) changes started taking place. Laissez-faire capitalism, or the idea of the government staying out of business, was the foundation for the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. With capitalism, the government was not involved in any part of business.
90. However, capitalism allowed for there to be a distinction between the social classes. Supporters of capitalism opposed creating minimum wage laws and better working conditions. They thought it would upset the free market system. The working class felt “picked on” by the middle and upper classes. This led to a rise in support of socialism, or the idea that society, through the government, would control production.
91. The Rise of Socialism The lower classes felt socialism would provide more for the working class people and allow the government to plan the economy. They felt this would promote equality and end poverty. Socialism at this time also offered to “distribute the wealth.”
92. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
93. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote a book called The Communist Manifesto. In this book, they said there were 2 social classes: the proletariat (have nots/workers) and the bourgeoisie (haves/owners). They believed the proletariat would one day overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a dictatorship of the proletariat. This never happened, but it inspired other revolutions.
94. Poor living conditions led to labor unions…
95. Labor Unions Labor unions and reform (change) laws began to arise in the 1800s. Labor unions negotiated for better working conditions, higher pay, and shorter hours. They would strike if demands were not met. In the 1830s, the British Parliament changed mine and factory conditions for women and children. Industrialized nations began gaining power over non-industrialized nations and the industrialized nations began taking advantage of the weaker nations for resources and markets.