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Understanding Classical and Operant Conditioning: Key Concepts and Processes

This chapter explores the foundational theories of classical conditioning developed by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning by Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner. Key terminology includes unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, responses, and various conditioning processes such as acquisition and extinction. It also covers reinforcement types, schedules, and the effects of positive and negative reinforcement. Additionally, it discusses biological constraints on learning, cognitive influences, and observational learning as demonstrated by Albert Bandura's principles. Discover the critical mechanisms shaping behavior through these learning theories.

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Understanding Classical and Operant Conditioning: Key Concepts and Processes

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  1. Chapter 6 Learning

  2. Classical conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • Terminology • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • Unconditioned Response (UCR) • Conditioned Response (CR)

  3. Classical Conditioning: More Terminology • Trial = pairing of UCS and CS • Acquisition = initial stage in learning • Stimulus contiguity = occurring together in time and space • 3 types of Classical Conditioning • Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS begin and end together • Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins just before the UCS, end together • Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends before UCS is presented

  4. Processes in Classical Conditioning • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Stimulus Generalization • Discrimination • Higher-order conditioning

  5. Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Learning • Edward L. Thorndike (1913) – the law of effect • B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement • Operant chamber • Emission of response • Reinforcement contingencies • Cumulative recorder

  6. Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning • Acquisition • Shaping • Extinction • Stimulus Control • Generalization • Discrimination

  7. Reinforcement: Consequences that Strengthen Responses • Delayed Reinforcement • Longer delay, slower conditioning • Primary Reinforcers • Satisfy biological needs • Secondary Reinforcers • Conditioned reinforcement

  8. Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous reinforcement • Intermittent (partial) reinforcement • Ratio schedules • Fixed • Variable • Interval schedules • Fixed • Variable

  9. Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment • Increasing a response: • Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding stimulus • Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus • Escape learning • Avoidance learning • Decreasing a response: • Punishment • Problems with punishment

  10. Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning • Biological Constraints on Conditioning • Instinctive Drift • Conditioned Taste Aversion • Preparedness and Phobias • Cognitive Influences on Conditioning • Signal relations • Response-outcome relations • Evolutionary Perspectives on learning

  11. Observational Learning: Basic Processes • Albert Bandura (1977, 1986) • Observational learning • Vicarious conditioning • 4 key processes • attention • retention • reproduction • motivation • acquisition vs. performance

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