Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 Part One

2. Chapter 14 • Performance enhancement: nutrition, diet and considerations • Text Sources • Nelson Physical Education VCE Units 3&4: 4th Edition – Malpeli, Horton, Davey and Telford 2006. • 2. Live It Up 2: 2nd Edition – Smyth, Brown, Judge, McCallum and Pritchard 2006. VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

3. Performance Enhancing Substances An erogenic aid is any substance or technique that improves or is thought to improve physical performance. Often called ‘doping’ however not all aids are illegal. The word doping is probably derived from the Dutch word dop, the name of an alcoholic beverage made of grape skins used by Zulu warriors in order to enhance their prowess in battle. Ergogenic means ‘work-producing’. VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

4. Drugs have been used as early as 400BC in the ancient Greek games. The Romans used mixtures of plant extracts and herbs in gladiators and chariot horses. Athlete commonly used drugs until drug testing was introduced in the late 1960’s. Modern doping began in 1935 when the Nazi’s used testosterone injections in their athlete’s 1936 team. Later used by the Soviets. Those involved has ‘turned a blind eye’ to the side effects and ethical implications of taking drugs. After drug use was wide spread at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics, countries spoke out against performance aids and their side effects Anti-doping development took place in 1960 in Europe. The televised death of drug taker Tommy Simpson in 1967 (below) shook the athletics world. The IOC then become actively involved. First drug tests were conducted at the 1968 Olympics A list of banned substances was constructed by the IOC. Anti-Doping Initiatives VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

5. The USA developed a synthetic form of testosterone called anabolic steroids in 1955. Athletes continued to take drugs during the 1960s and 70s. The East Germans had a heavy drop taking protocol and were very ‘successful’ at international competitions (See Heidi Krieger). Coaches and athletes worked out methods of ‘beating’ the drug tests The 1980’s saw the introduction of human growth hormones (GBH) and synthetic GBH. Both were undetectable In the 1990’s, erythropoietin (EPO) became the drug of choice. It is very hard to detect as it is a naturally occurring hormone. Sydney 2000 was the first accurate EPO test. Analytical measures such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry where therefore introduced. Ben Johnson was famously stripped of his 1988 100m gold medal for steroid use. Procedures and standards for laboratories were set up by the IOC In 1999 the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established after the drug taking in the tour de France scandal. In 2003 all major federations and governments signed a Anti-doping code. In the 2004 Olympic games: 3000 drug tests were conducted with 23 athletes being found positive of banned drugs. Anti-Doping Initiatives (2) VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

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7. Self – Ego compels them to be successful Coach, family, peers, spectators – Pressure to succeed Media – Wanting to be successful sports ‘star’. Promotion/financial rewards – Cutting corners to succeed Social – To stand out from other competitors National Recognition – Wanting to represent country; highest level of sport. Physical advantage – Strength and muscle mass (Steroids, anabolic agents) Counteract undesirable side effects (Hormones) Mask the presence of banned substances (Diuretics) Increase alertness and/or aggressiveness (Caffeine/ Amphetamines) Reduce pain (Narcotics) Why do Athletes take Drugs? VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

8. Drug Testing Conducted by ‘Australian Sports Drug Agency’ ASDA. • Urine tests are conducted either at competitions or training. • No notice is given to athletes prior to the testing who are selected at random. • Two samples are taken to verify the initial testing procedure. No reliable blood tests are used to detect banned drugs. VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

9. A footballer hurts his knee in the third quarter of the grand final. A local anaesthetic would numb the pain – however the footballer runs the risk of permanent knee damage if he plays on. Does winning over-rule the athletes health? Who makes the decision to give the injection? This is an example of ethical and morale decisions which are made regularly in sport. Morality – Standards of conduct Ethics – Formal study of these standards. ‘The practice of making principle choices between right and wrong’. Moral standards – Principles against which we compare what we see in order to form a judgement. Judgements are often made about an athlete/coaches conduct, an athlete’s on/off field actions, an athlete’s character, beliefs and values. Ethical Considerations VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

10. Ethical Frameworks VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

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12. Sexual abuse, harassment, bullying Discrimination and racism Corruption, gambling, cheating, bribery, match-fixing Unethical corporate involvement Unfair team selection Abuse of officials and referees Victimisation of those who speak out against unethical practices ‘Win at all costs’ ethos Poor behaviour on and off field Performance enhancing practices Spectator violence and abuse Sexual discrimination and homophobia Transgender participation in elite sport Genetic therapy and manipulation Increasing use of science and technology Use of pain killers Exploitation (sexualisation) of athletes Pregnant athletes and participation Sex-testing of athletes Influence of the media Child abuse ‘Ugly parent syndrome’ Ethical Issues VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

13. Ethical dilemma – Situations where the course of action or behaviour is unclear, or where reasonable people can’t agree on what ought to be done. Eg. Crickets that do or don’t ‘walk’ when caught behind Our reaction to a dilemma is based on our own individual values Dilemmas such as; IV drips, pain killer usage, vitamin supplements, performance enhancing drugs and genetic therapy are continually debated over their ethical use. Eg. Performance enhancing drugs. Similar effects gain be gained from both illegal and legal practices. Athletes who eat and train well can get the same effect as an athlete who does less training but takes drugs – therefore both are at an equal playing field. Illegal drugs are banned due to safety and ethical reasons. Eg. Justin Charles (AFL) took steroids to strengthen his knee after a knee reconstruction. The steroids did not ‘enhance’ his performance but merely brought him back to his original physical state prior to injury. Ethical Dilemmas in Sport VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

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15. Intravenous Fluid Use IV drips – used to reverse the effects of dehydration. • Famous cases include Justine Henin-Hardenne (2003 US open) and the Brisbane Lions in 2001. It is commonly used in the NFL. Pat Rafter also used the technique. • It is considered controversial and unethical. • The AFL banned the use of IV drips due to health and hygiene issues. It was concerned with the negative press and its impact on the game. VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

16. Standard IV drips contain a saline solution with low levels of glucose. This corrects the bodies hydration levels of fluids, electrolytes and carbohydrates. Athletes use IV drips to decrease recovery time However, athletes are required to lie still for up to 2 hours while receiving the drip Findings have found little difference between IV drips and oral hydration The Australian Medical Association (AMA) where concerned with the Brisbane Lions using the drips at half time outside of a sterile environment. IV drips are an invasive procedure which runs the risk of disease and infection. Strict medication supervision is required. Coursework 14.2 Case Study p.337 Intravenous Fluid Use (2) VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

17. Local Anaesthetic Injections Painkillers are substances that mask the effects of pain. • Painkillers are a widespread practice worldwide. • They are used to enable the athlete the keep playing • They can be creams, tablets, ointments or injections. • The use of painkillers is governed by the WADA. Eg. Brisbane Lions in 2003 grand final – Up to 18 of the players where injected with pain killers prior to the game. Coursework 14.3 Case Study p.339 VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

18. Special conditions must be adhered to as set by WADA. Clubs only gave the players injections if they gave their consent, were told of side effects and that there is no risk of further harm. AFL use; Finger joints, AC joint, scar tissue regions, joint inflammation. Risks; Further agreviation of the injury, Athletes training and competiting while injured without knowing the severity of the injury, Ethical issues; Dr Peter Larkins ‘Injections should be used to allow player to perform at his normal ability without causing permanent harm or injury’. Local anaesthetics are not performance enhancers However, the underlining question is how can the sports doctor make such an important decision for an athlete which could possibly ruin their sporting career. Eg. Craig Whitehead sued Carlton for having him play under pain killers while injured. Local Anaesthetic Injections 2 VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

19. Injection of Vitamin Supplements to aid Performance Practice is not illegal or banned – its use is widespread. Eg. Australian cycling team, including Jobie Daika, mislead an investigation into allegated drug use. Jobie originally denied using vitamin injections because they weren’t authorised by the AIS. • Lance Armstrong openly admits the use of vitamin injections. Ethical issues; It’s unnecessary, it’s potentially dangerous and damages the image of the sport eg. Cycling. VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

20. Gene therapy – Non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance (WADA). Eg. Use of synthetic genes to enhance performance. Practice is banned under the WADA anti-doping policy. Its side effects are unknown However, it will be undetectable in athletes. In the future, athletes will be modified at a young age, undergoing genetic modification to be the ‘next big star’. Coursework 14.4 Case Study p.340 Genetic Manipulation VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

21. Illegal Group Substances Used for Side Effects Stimulants Ephedrine, amphetamines, cocaine and caffeine Mask intolerance to lactic acid. Increase alertness, competitiveness and aggression. Anxiety, increased HR, irregular heart beat, dependence, depression, sleep disorders. Narcotics Codeine, morphine and opiates Used to reduced moderate to severe pain so that athletes can continue to play while injured. Dependence, respiratory failure. Anabolic Agents 1. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids -Synthetic protein building chemicals. 2. Beta 2 Agonists Increase muscle bulk, power and strength. Training recovery is quicker and training intensity levels can also be higher. ‘Steroid rage’, acne, sudden death, tumours, liver damage, reproductive problems in females. Beta-Blockers Heart and blood pressure prescription drugs. Used to reduce blood pressure and pre-competition stress – relaxation. Hypotension, hypoglycemia, cardiac failure, asthma severity. Diuretics Kidney and liver prescription drugs. Weight reduction (water and electrolyte loss). Can be used to dilute illegal substances. Dehydration, cramps, muscle strains, irregular heart beat. Peptide and Polypeptide hormones Peptide – HGH and corticosteroids. Polypeptide – Erythroprotein (EPO) Peptide –increase muscle and bone development. Believed to offset the effects of steroids. Polypeptide – Increases RBC production. Peptide – Diabetes, hypotension, decreased immune function, heart failure. Polypeptide – Blood transfusion risks. Illegal Performance Enhancers VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

22. Alcohol, marijuana, local anaesthetics, corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory) and many pharmacological drugs have restricted use for athletes. Blood doping – Removal and re-injecting of blood prior to events. Increases number of RBC in the body – thus improving oxygen delivery. However, considered dangerous due to blood transfers. Over the last few years, the greatest interest with regard to erogenic aids has been focused on the effects of performance enhancing drugs. The media concentrate on high profile athletes who have been caught using banned drugs. Note. Not all aids benefit everyone. See table 14.1 p.333 Coursework 14.1 Laboratory p.335 Other Ergogenic Practices p.334 VCE Physical Education - Unit 4

23. Sports Nutrition Carbohydrate loading Creatine Supplementation Colostrum and Amino acids Caffeine Fluid replacement and carbonation (sports drinks). Vitamin/mineral supplements Glycerol, Iron and Bicarbonate Athletes need to be careful as some pharmaceutical products may contain banned substances. Note. A balanced diet contains most of our vitamin/mineral needs. The use of legal performance enhancing practices can cause side effects. This is known as medico-legal issue eg. Creatine supplements are commonly used in US senior-high school sporting teams. Litigation is very against coaches who directed the athlete to take the supplement who suffers side effects. Legal Dietary Performance Enhancers VCE Physical Education - Unit 4