Sexual Motivation

1. Sexual Motivation

2. Kinsey’s Studies • Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). • Most men and half of all women have premarital sex. • Almost all men and women masturbate. • Women who had orgasms while masturbating were more likely to report having orgasms after marriage. Good Start- but major problems with his study- sampling, questions etc….

3. The Physiology of Sex • In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. • 382 females and 312 males. • Only people who were willing to have sex and display orgasm in a lab environment. • Filmed more than 10,000 sex cycles.

4. The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle • Sexual response cycle • Excitement phase • Plateau phase • Orgasm • Resolution phase • Refractory period

5. Results of M & J Study The Sexual Response Cycle (Four Stages) • Excitement Phase: genitals become engorged in blood (men and women) and women will lubricate. • Plateau Phase: excitement peaks, breathing, pulse increases, tip of penis may exhibit seminal fluid, clitoris retracts- orgasm feels imminent.

6. Results of M & J Study (Continued) • Orgasm: muscle contractions all over the body, women’s contractions actually help propel sperm and position uterus to increase chances of conception. Man and woman only aware of rhythmic genital contractions. • Resolution Phase: everything slows down and men enter a refractory period (which can last from minutes to over a day) where he is incapable of another orgasm.

7. The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones • Development of sexual characteristics • Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen • Testosterone

8. The Psychology of Sex • External stimuli • Imagined stimuli • Dreams • Sexual fantasies

9. The Psychology of Sex • Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. • Heiman 4 tape study. • People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

10. Can External Sexual Stimuli have adverse effects? • Movies of women being coerced or forced into sex tend to increase the viewer’s acceptance of the false idea that women can enjoy it. • Viewing X-Rated films can diminish people’s satisfaction with their own partners. Expectations change. • After viewing attractive women or men on TV- people judge their own partners as less attractive.

11. Imagined Stimuli • Images inside our heads can also effect our sexual motivation. • Both dreams and daydreams can lead to orgasm. • But fantasies do not correspond to reality- just because a women fantasizes about a man “taking her” does not mean she will want it in reality!!!!

12. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

13. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

14. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

15. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

16. Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy • Ignorance • Minimal communication about birth control • Guilt related to sexual activity • Alcohol use • Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

17. Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections • Statistics of STIs • 2/3 of new infections occur in people ↓25 • Teen girls • Not yet fully mature bio.dev. • ↓levels protective antibodies • Recent study: US females 14-19, sexually active—39.5% have STIs • xxx

18. Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections • Teen abstinence • High intelligence • Religious engagement • Father presence • Participation in service learning programs

19. Sexual Orientation • Sexual orientation • Homosexual orientation: enduring sexual attraction toward members of own sex • Heterosexual orientation: enduring sexual attraction toward members of other sex

20. Sexual Orientation Statistics • Studies suggest (both Europe & US): • 3-4% men are homosexual • 1-2% women are homosexual • 2.5% of population is gay or lesbian • Women’s sexual orientation less strongly felt, potentially more fluid & changing • Women are somewhat more likely to feel & act on bisexual attractions

21. Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation • Origins of sexual orientation studies • Fraternal birth order effect • Same-sex attraction in animals • The brain and sexual orientation • Genes and sexual orientation • Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

22. How is Sexual Orientation Determined • There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. • Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents. • If there are environmental factors that influence sexual orientation, we do not yet know what they are. Thus, it is likely that sexuality is biologically determined.

23. Same sex attraction in animals • Penguins Wendell & Cass (Coney Island’s New York Aquarium)—devoted same-sex partners • Silo and Roy (central park zoo penguins) • Same-sex relations observed in grizzlies, gorillas, monkeys, flamingos, owls, and rams • Some degree of homosexuality seems to be a natural part of the animal world.

24. The Brain and Sexual Orientation • Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men. • However, the cluster could be socially developed or some other biological factor. When did brain difference begin? At conception? In the womb? During childhood or adolescence? Did experience produce the difference? Or did genes or prenatal hormones?

25. Genes and Sexual Orientation • Shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins. • Sexual attraction in fruit flies can be genetically manipulated.

26. Prenatal Hormones and Sexual Orientation • Altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals. • Men with several older brothers are more likely to be gay (fraternal birth order effect—reason for this phenomenon is unclear).

27. The Need to Belong

28. The Need to Belong • Aiding survival • Social bonds ↑ ancestors’ survival rate→humans live in groups • Adults form attachments=more likely to come together to reproduce & stay together to nurture offspring

29. The Need to Belong • Wanting to belong • People who feel supported by close relationships live with better health and at lower risk for psychological disorder and premature death • Relationships form= often feel joy • Close relationships make life meaningful

30. The Need to Belong • Sustaining Relationships • Attachments can keep people in abusive relationships as the fear of being alone may seem worse than the pain of emotional or physical abuse.

31. The Need to Belong • The pain of Ostracism • Ostracized; excluded or shunned by others • When ostracized, may engage in self-defeating or antisocial behaviors & underperform on aptitude tests • Ostracism elicits ↑ activity in brain’s anterior cingulate cortex which is also activated by physical pain.

32. Motivation in the Workplace • “The healthy life is filled by love and by work” --Sigmund Freud • People view their work as a job, a career, or a calling. Those that consider it a calling report the highest satisfaction. • Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology: the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

33. Achievement Motivation A desire for significant accomplishments; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard.

34. Motivation in the Workplace • Organizations turn to I/O psychologists b/c research shows—most productive & engaged workers are in satisfying environments • Employee satisfaction = • ↑ profits • ↑ productivity • ↓ employee turnover • ↑ loyal customers

35. Motivation in the Workplace • Effective managers focus on developing people’s strengths, not overcoming their weaknesses. • Two leadership strategies • Task leadership; sets standards, organizes work, & focuses attention on goals. • Social leadership; builds teamwork, mediates conflict, & offers support. • Achievement at work is driven by psychological factors, such as intrinsic quest for mastery & extrinsic rewards of recognition. What unifies these & all other motives is their common effect: the energizing and directing of behavior.

36. Motivation in the Workplace • Industrial-organizational psychology • Personnel psychology • Organizational psychology • Human factors psychology • Personnel psychologists • Work with organizations to devise selection methods for new employees, recruit, evaluate applicants, & design training programs • Identify people’s strengths, analyze job content, & appraise performance

37. The End

38. Definition Slide = add definition here

39. Definition Slides

40. Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

41. Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

42. Drive-reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

43. Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

44. Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

45. Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

46. Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

47. Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

48. Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

49. Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

50. Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.