APES Timeline

1. APES Timeline • Connor Nackley

2. John Muir • Born April 21 1838, died December 24 1914. America's most famous and influential naturalist and conservationist, and founder of the Sierra Club. John Muir was the Club's first president, an office he held until his death in 1914. Muir's Sierra Club has gone on to help establish a series of new National Parks and a National Wilderness Preservation System. As a wilderness explorer, he is renowned for his exciting adventures in California's Sierra Nevada, among Alaska's glaciers, and world wide travels.

3. Aldo Leopold • January 11, 1887 – April 21, 1948. Considered by many as the father of wildlife management and of the United States’ wilderness system, Aldo Leopold was a conservationist, forester, philosopher, educator, writer, and outdoor enthusiast. Leopold’s ‘Land Ethic’ defined a new relationship between people and nature and set the stage for the modern conservation movement. He claimed “That land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics.”

4. Gifford Pinchot • Born August 11th 1865, died in 1946 he was the 4th Chief of the Division of Forestry, 1898-1905 and 1st Chief of the Forest Service, 1905-1910. effective organization and management was set during Pinchot's administration, and "conservation" (an idea he popularized) of natural resources in the broad sense of wise use became a widely known concept and an accepted national goal. Being the primary founder of the Society of American Foresters, Gifford Pinchot is generally regarded as the "father" of American conservation because of his great and unrelenting concern for the protection of the American forests.

5. Rachel Carson • Born May 27th 1907, died April 16 1964. She was a scientist and author who’s writing became focused on informing the public about the misuse of pesticides. Embedded within all of Carson's writing was the view that human beings were but one part of nature distinguished primarily by their power to alter it, in some cases irreversibly. Her novel “Silent Spring”, published in 1962, is regarded as one of the most influential works of environmental writing ever.

6. Garret Hardin • Born in 1915, died in 2003. Most of his work is compromised of Bio-ethical writing. His most famous piece, The tragedy of the Commons (1968), is an anthologized and is and widely accepted as a fundamental contribution to ecology, population theory, economics and political science.

7. Roderick Nash • Born January 7th 1949, and still alive, Roderick Nash is widely regarded as America’s foremost wilderness historian. Nash has been a national leader in the field of environmental history and management as well as environmental education. Nash has served on the board of directors of the Yosemite Institute and on the advisory committee to the U.S.National Park Service. His most famous work, “Wilderness and the American Mind” has recieved many reprintings, foreign translations, and revised editions.

8. Homestead Act 1862 • The new law established a three-fold homestead acquisition process: filing an application, improving the land, and filing for deed of title. Any U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. Government could file an application and lay claim to 160 acres of surveyed Government land. For the next 5 years, the homesteader had to live on the land and improve it by building a 12-by-14 dwelling and growing crops. After 5 years, the homesteader could file for his patent (or deed of title) by submitting proof of residency and the required improvements to a local land office.

9. National Park Service Act 1916 • On August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the National Park Service, a new federal bureau in the Department of the Interior responsible for protecting the 35 national parks and monuments then managed by the department and those yet to be established. Additions to the National Park System are now generally made through acts of Congress, and national parks can be created only through such acts. But the President has authority, under the Antiquities Act of 1906, to proclaim national monuments on lands already under federal jurisdiction.

10. The Dustbowl 1930’s • The worst man-made ecological disaster in American history, in which the frenzied wheat boom of the "Great Plow-Up," followed by a decade-long drought during the 1930s nearly swept away the breadbasket of the nation. Some 850 million tons of topsoil blew away in 1935 alone. The government's response included deploying Civilian Conservation Corps workers to plant shelter belts; encouraging farmers to try new techniques like contour plowing to minimize erosion; establishing conservation districts; and using federal money in the Plains for everything from grasshopper control to outright purchases of failed farms.

11. Soil Conservation Act 1935 • This Act imposes a duty upon every landholder to take appropriate measures to prevent soil loss or deterioration or to mitigate the same where it has occurred. Where a breach of said duty occurs, the landholder may be served with a notice directing him or her to take remedial action within a specified time – usually 30 days. If the landholder fails to comply with the directions given in the notice, a person authorised by the local authority may enter upon the land and take remedial action at the landholder’s expense. If the local authority does not take appropriate actions then the Minister can appoint an officer with the authority to do so. The legislation also provides appeal and dispute settlement mechanisms. Hasn’t been directly ammended since and effects everyone from farmers to general land purchasers. Created during/post Dustbowl

12. Farm Security and Rural Investment 1930’s • Every five years, Congress passes a bundle of legislation, commonly called the "Farm Bill" that sets national agriculture, nutrition, conservation, and forestry policy. The last Farm Bill was passed in 2008, and expires in 2012. The Agriculture Reform, Food and Jobs Act of 2012 (S. 3240) represents the most significant reforms in agricultural policy in decades. The bill ends direct payments, streamlines and consolidates programs, and reduces the deficit by $23 billion. It also strengthens top priorities that help farmers, ranchers, and small business owners continue to grow our economy.

13. Fish and Wildlife Act 1956 • The Act of August 8, 1956, as frequently amended, establishes a comprehensive national fish, shellfish, and wildlife resources policy with emphasis on the commercial fishing industry but also with a direction to administer the Act with regard to the inherent right of every citizen and resident to fish for pleasure, enjoyment, and betterment and to maintain and increase public opportunities for recreational use of fish and wildlife resources.

14. Wilderness Act 1964 • Established the system of 110 national parks. Created a way for Congress to protect pristine wild lands by designating them as protected wildernessCreated the National Wilderness Preservation System, which manages the nation’s protected wilderness areas Immediately put 9.1 million acres of wild American lands into the National Wilderness Preservation System, protecting them as designated wilderness

15. Noise Control Act 1965 • Establishes a national policy to promote an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health and welfare. The Act also serves to (1) establish a means for effective coordination of Federal research and activities in noise control; (2) authorize the establishment of Federal noise emission standards for products distributed in commerce; and (3) provide information to the public respecting the noise emission and noise reduction characteristics of such products.

16. Solid Waste Disposal Act 1965 • The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 addressed how to dispose safely of large volumes of municipal and industrial solid wastes. Its purpose was to protect human health and the environment, to reduce wastes, and to limit the generation of hazardous waste. In the mid-1970s, Congress and the public recognized that additional regulations were needed to ensure solid wastes were managed properly. These concerns resulted in the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as an amendment to the original waste disposal act of 1965.

17. National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 1968 • The National Wild and Scenic Rivers System was created by Congress in 1968 (Public Law 90-542; 16 U.S.C. 1271 et seq.) to preserve certain rivers with outstanding natural, cultural, and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the enjoyment of present and future generations. The Act is notable for safeguarding the special character of these rivers, while also recognizing the potential for their appropriate use and development. It encourages river management that crosses political boundaries and promotes public participation in developing goals for river protection.

18. Santa Barbara Oil Spill 1969 • On the afternoon of January 29, 1969, an environmental nightmare began in Santa Barbara, California. A natural gas blowout occurred. An initial attempt to cap the hole was successful but led to a tremendous buildup of pressure. The expanding mass created five breaks in an east-west fault on the ocean floor, releasing oil and gas from deep beneath the earth. For eleven days, oil workers struggled to cap the rupture. During that time, 200,000 gallons of crude oil bubbled to the surface and was spread into a 800 square mile slick by winds and swells. Incoming tides brought the thick tar to beaches from Rincon Point to Goleta, marring 35 miles of coastline. It took oil workers 11 1/2; days to control the leaking oil well.

19. National Environmental Policy Act 1969 • The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was one of the first laws ever written that establishes the broad national framework for protecting our environment. NEPA's basic policy is to assure that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to undertaking any major federal action that significantly affects the environment. NEPA requirements are invoked when airports, buildings, military complexes, highways, parkland purchases, and other federal activities are proposed. Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs), which are assessments of the likelihood of impacts from alternative courses of action, are required from all Federal agencies and are the most visible NEPA requirements.

20. *First Earth Day 1970* • Each year, Earth Day -- April 22 -- marks the anniversary of what many consider the birth of the modern environmental movement in 1970. The height of hippie and flower-child culture in the United States, 1970 brought the death of Jimi Hendrix, the last Beatles album, and Simon & Garfunkel’s “Bridge Over Troubled Water”. Protest was the order of the day, but saving the planet was not the cause. War raged in Vietnam, and students nationwide increasingly opposed it. At the time, Americans were slurping leaded gas through massive V8 sedans. Industry belched out smoke and sludge with little fear of legal consequences or bad press. Air pollution was commonly accepted as the smell of prosperity. “Environment” was a word that appeared more often in spelling bees than on the evening news.  Although mainstream America remained oblivious to environmental concerns, the stage had been set for change by the publication of Rachel Carson's New York Times bestseller Silent Spring in 1962.  The book represented a watershed moment for the modern environmental movement, selling more than 500,000 copies in 24 countries and, up until that moment, more than any other person, Ms. Carson raised public awareness and concern for living organisms, the environment and public health. Earth Day 1970 capitalized on the emerging consciousness, channeling the energy of the anti-war protest movement and putting environmental concerns front and center. 

21. Clean Air Act 1970 • The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. Among other things, this law authorizes EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health and public welfare and to regulate emissions of hazardous air pollutants. One of the goals of the Act was to set and achieve NAAQS in every state by 1975 in order to address the public health and welfare risks posed by certain widespread air pollutants. The setting of these pollutant standards was coupled with directing the states to develop state implementation plans (SIPs), applicable to appropriate industrial sources in the state, in order to achieve these standards. The Act was amended in 1977 and 1990 primarily to set new goals (dates) for achieving attainment of NAAQS since many areas of the country had failed to meet the deadlines.

22. Resource Recovery Act 1970 • On October 26, 1970, President Nixon signed the Resource Recovery Act. It Established a major research program, run by the EPA, to develop new and innovative ways of dealing with solid waste. Gave the EPA the responsibility of providing State and local governments with technical and financial help in planning and developing resource recovery and waste disposal systems.

23. Clean Water Act 1972 • The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters. The basis of the CWA was enacted in 1948 and was called the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, but the Act was significantly reorganized and expanded in 1972. "Clean Water Act" became the Act's common name with amendments in 1972. Under the CWA, EPA has implemented pollution control programs such as setting wastewater standards for industry. We have also set water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters.

24. Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972 • The 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act established a Federal responsibility to conserve marine mammals with management vested in the Department of Interior for sea otter, walrus, polar bear, dugong, and manatee. The Department of Commerce is responsible for cetaceans and pinnipeds, other than the walrus. With certain specified exceptions, the Act establishes a moratorium on the taking and importation of marine mammals as well as products taken from them, and establishes procedures for waiving the moratorium and transferring management responsibility to the States. The law authorized the establishment of a Marine Mammal Commission with specific advisory and research duties. Annual reports to Congress by the Departments of Interior and Commerce and the Marine Mammal Commission are mandated. The 1972 law exempted Indians, Aleut, and Eskimos (who dwell on the coast of the North Pacific Ocean) from the moratorium on taking provided that taking was conducted for the sake of subsistence or for the purpose of creating and selling authentic native articles of handicraft and clothing. In addition, the law stipulated conditions under which the Secretaries of Commerce and Interior could issue permits to take marine mammals for the sake of public display and scientific research.

25. Coastal Zone Management Act 1972 • Established a voluntary national program within the Department of Commerce to encourage coastal States to develop and implement coastal zone management plans. Funds were authorized for cost-sharing grants to States to develop their programs. Subsequent to Federal approval of their plans, grants would be awarded for implementation purposes. In order to be eligible for Federal approval, each State's plan was required to define boundaries of the coastal zone, to identify uses of the area to be regulated by the State, the mechanism (criteria, standards or regulations) for controlling such uses, and broad guidelines for priorities of uses within the coastal zone. In addition, the 1972 law established a system of criteria and standards for requiring that Federal actions be conducted in a manner consistent with the Federally approved plan. The standard for determining consistency varied depending on whether the Federal action involved a permit, license, financial assistance, or a Federally authorized activity. A national system of estuarine sanctuaries was also authorized to establish national field laboratories with 50/50 cost-sharing grants for coastal States. Appropriations to cover each of these grants were authorized through FY 1977 and to cover the administrative costs of the program through FY 1973. Amendments enacted in 1975 (P.L. 93-612) made minor technical revisions to administration of the grant program. Amendments in 1976 (P.L. 94-370) established the Coastal Energy Impact Program and added the national objective of attaining a greater degree of energy self-sufficiency based on new or expanded energy activity in or affecting the coastal zone.

26. Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act 1972 • The 1972 amendments established, under the Administrator of EPA, a program for controlling the sale, distribution, and application of pesticides through an administrative registration process. The amendments provided for classifying pesticides for "general" or "restricted" use. "Restricted" pesticides may only be applied by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. The amendments also authorized experimental use permits and provided for administrative review of registered pesticides and for penalties for violations of the statute. States were authorized to regulate the sale or use of any pesticide within a state, provided that such regulation does not permit any sale or use prohibited by the Act.

27. Endangered Species Act 1973 • Through federal action and by encouraging the establishment of state programs, the 1973 Endangered Species Act provided for the conservation of ecosystems upon which threatened and endangered species of fish, wildlife, and plants depend. The Act: • authorizes the determination and listing of species as endangered and threatened; • prohibits unauthorized taking, possession, sale, and transport of endangered species; • provides authority to acquire land for the conservation of listed species, using land and water conservation funds; • authorizes establishment of cooperative agreements and grants-in-aid to States that establish and maintain active and adequate programs for endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; • authorizes the assessment of civil and criminal penalties for violating the Act or regulations; and • authorizes the payment of rewards to anyone furnishing information leading to arrest and conviction for any violation of the Act or any regulation issued thereunder.

28. Safe Drinking Water Act 1974 • The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water.Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards. SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law was amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water wells.

29. Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species 1975 • The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) entered into force in 1975, and became the only treaty to ensure that international trade in plants and animals does not threaten their survival in the wild. Currently 176 countries (called Parties), including the United States, implement CITES. CITES requires each Party to regularly submit reports on how they are implementing the Convention.  These biennial reports may contain information on legislative and regulatory changes, as well as law enforcement, permitting, communications, and administrative matters.  The reporting process is a valuable assessment of our program, allowing us to identify successes as well as areas for improvement. Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service has been designated to carry out the provisions of CITES through the Division of Management Authority, and the Division of Scientific Authority.  We work with numerous partners including federal and state agencies, industry groups, and conservation organizations. 

30. Energy Policy and Conservation Act 1975 • The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 was enacted for the purpose of serving the nation’s energy demands and promoting conservation methods when feasibly obtainable. In 1975, President Gerald R. Ford signed the Act, mandating vehicle fuel economy standards, extending oil price controls to 1979, and directing the creation of a strategic petroleum reserves. The Alternative Fuels Act of 1988 amends a portion of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act to pursue the use of alternative fuels. This amendment encourages the development, production, and demonstration of alternative motor fuels and alternative-fuel vehicles. The Act specifies alternative fuel as any fuel not derived from petroleum, including; ethanol, methanol, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen, and electricity.

31. Toxic Substances Control Act 1976 • The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 provides EPA with authority to require reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures. Certain substances are generally excluded from TSCA, including, among others, food, drugs, cosmetics and pesticides. TSCA addresses the production, importation, use, and disposal of specific chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), asbestos, radon and lead-based paint. Various sections of TSCA provide authority to: • Require, under section 5, pre manufacture notification for new chemical substances, before manufacture • Require, under section four, testing of chemicals by manufacturers, importers, and processors where risks or exposures of concern are found • Issue Significant New Use Rules (SNUR’s), under Section 5, when it identifies a "significant new use" that could result in exposures to, or releases of, a substance of concern.

32. Love Canal 1978 • It is a cruel irony that Love Canal was originally meant to be a dream community. That vision belonged to the man for whom the three-block tract of land on the eastern edge of Niagara Falls, New York, was named--William T. Love. Love felt that by digging a short canal between the upper and lower Niagara Rivers, power could be generated cheaply to fuel the industry and homes of his would-be model city. Unfortunately, the site was turned into a dumpsite and sixty years later, over 82 toxic chemicals, 11 being known carcinogens, began to percolate upward and into the soil. The local community suffered from several birth defects and health issues, love canal is considered one of the worst environmental hazards to ever have occurred.

33. Three Mile Island 1979 • In 1979 at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in USA a cooling malfunction caused part of the core to melt in the # 2 reactor. The TMI-2 reactor was destroyed. • Some radioactive gas was released a couple of days after the accident, but not enough to cause any dose above background levels to local residents. • There were no injuries or adverse health effects from the Three Mile Island accident.

34. The Superfund 1980 • The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, was enacted by Congress on December 11, 1980. This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment. Over five years, $1.6 billion was collected and the tax went to a trust fund for cleaning up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. CERCLA: • established prohibitions and requirements concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites; • provided for liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites; and • established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party could be identified.

35. Chernobyl 1986 • The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel. • The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere and downwind. • Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the accident, and a further 28 people died within a few weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning. • UNSCEAR says that apart from increased thyroid cancers, "there is no evidence of a major public health impact attributable to radiation exposure 20 years after the accident." • Resettlement of areas from which people were relocated is ongoing.

36. Montreal Protocol 1987 • The high-altitude, or stratospheric ozone layer of the air acts like a shield in the atmosphere that protects life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. During the 1980s, scientists observed that the stratospheric ozone layer was getting thinner. Today, all UN recognized nations have ratified the treaty and continue to phase out the production of chemicals that deplete the ozone layer while searching for ozone-friendly alternatives. Over the past 20 years, EPA is proud to have been part of a broad coalition that developed and implemented flexible, innovative, and effective approaches to ensure stratospheric ozone layer protection. The protocol specifically bans the use of CFC’s as they easily break down the ozone layer when released into the atmosphere.

37. Open Dumping Ban 1988 • The Ocean Dumping Act has two basic aims: to regulate intentional ocean disposal of materials, and to authorize related research. Title I of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (MPRSA, P.L. 92-532), which is often referred to just as the Ocean Dumping Act, contains permit and enforcement provisions for ocean dumping. Research provisions are contained in title II, concerning general and ocean disposal research; title IV, which established a regional marine research program; and title V, which addresses coastal water quality monitoring. The third title of the MPRSA, not addressed here, authorizes the establishment of marine sanctuaries. Table 1 shows the original enactment and subsequent amendments.

38. Exxon Valdez 1989 • On March 24, 1989, shortly after midnight, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling more than 11 million gallons of crude oil. The spill was the largest in U.S. history and tested the abilities of local, national, and industrial organizations to prepare for, and respond to, a disaster of such magnitude. Many factors complicated the cleanup efforts following the spill. The size of the spill and its remote location, accessible only by helicopter and boat, made government and industry efforts difficult and tested existing plans for dealing with such an event. The spill posed threats to the delicate food chain that supports Prince William Sound's commercial fishing industry. Also in danger were ten million migratory shore birds and waterfowl, hundreds of sea otters, dozens of other species, such as harbor porpoises and sea lions, and several varieties of whales. Since the incident occurred in open navigable waters, the U.S. Coast Guard's On-Scene Coordinator had authority for all activities related to the cleanup effort. His first action was to immediately close the Port of Valdez to all traffic.

39. Ocean Spill Prevention and Liability Act 1990 • The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was signed into law in August 1990, largely in response to rising public concern following the Exxon Valdez incident. The OPA improved the nation's ability to prevent and respond to oil spills by establishing provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provide the money and resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA also created the national Oil spill liability trust fund, which is available to provide up to one billion dollars per spill incident. In addition, the OPA provided new requirements for contingency planning both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Pollution Contingency Plan has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the Federal government is required to direct all public and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees -- composed of federal, state, and local government officials -- must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and owners or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare their own Facility Response Plans.

40. Invasive Species Act 1996 • Since its passage in 1990, a single law has been the nation’s chief protection against new aquatic invaders, especially those that arrive in ballast water. That law—the Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990—was revised in 1996 and Congress is considering a second revision now. Congress passed the 1990 law in response to the invasion of the zebra mussel and other species that damaged the Great Lakes. That law brought much-needed attention to the global movement of aquatic species. It also established the federal interagency Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force, which became a key resource for regional and state efforts. The 1990 law’s strictest and most detailed provisions required that ships headed for the Great Lakes exchange their ballast water at sea. The law was reauthorized, renamed the National Invasive Species Act, or NISA, and expanded slightly in 1996. Then all ships arriving from outside the 200-mile U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone were encouraged to exchange their ballast water, but required to report whether they had.

41. Kyoto Protocol 1997 • The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities." The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the "Marrakesh Accords." Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.

42. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2000 • The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was called for by the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000. Initiated in 2001, the objective of the MA was to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and the scientific basis for action needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of those systems and their contribution to human well-being. The MA has involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings, contained in five technical volumes and six synthesis reports, provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide (such as clean water, food, forest products, flood control, and natural resources) and the options to restore, conserve or enhance the sustainable use of ecosystems.

43. Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill 2010 • On April 20th 2010, the Deepwater Horizon ship owned by BP (British Petroleum) exploded and leaked a lot of oil into the Gulf of Mexico Following the April 20, 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill, Florida implemented response operations and emergency restoration. Until recently the only avenue for early restoration has been through the Natural Resource Damage Assessment process. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection is the lead state agency for responding to impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and the resulting restoration process. On July 6, 2012 the President signed the RESTORE Act into law. The Act creates the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council, and outlines five funding categories for Clean Water Act civil and administrative penalties from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

44. Sources • http://www.aldoleopold.org/AldoLeopold/leopold_bio.shtml • http://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/about/default.aspx • http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/people/Pinchot/Pinchot.aspx • http://www.rachelcarson.org/Biography.aspx#.UPQkTaUoFSU • http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/gh/gh_cv.html • http://www.es.ucsb.edu/people/emeriti/roderick-f-nash • http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/ • http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/history.htm • http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/ • http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/SOILCON.HTML • http://www.ag.senate.gov/issues/farm-bill • http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php • http://www.unep.org/maweb/en/About.aspx • http://deepwaterhorizon.noaa.gov

45. Sources Continued • http://wilderness.org/article/wilderness-act • http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/nca.html • http://www.epa.gov/region9/waste/tribal/reg.html • http://www.rivers.gov/rivers/wsr-act.php • http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/sb_69oilspill/69oilspill_articles2.html • http://www.epa.gov/regulations/laws/nepa.html • http://www.earthday.org/earth-day-history-movement • http://www.epa.gov/regulations/laws/caa.html • http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~hallman/Ppt1/tsld063.htm • http://www.epa.gov/regulations/laws/cwa.html • http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/marmam.html • http://www.epa.gov/osweroe1/content/lawsregs/opaover.htm • http://www.necis.net/intro-to-invasive-species/invasive-species-solutions/federal/naisa/

46. Sources Even Further Continued.... • http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/COASZON.HTML • www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/esact.html • http://www.fws.gov/international/cites/ • http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_Policy_and_Conservation_Act_of_1975,_United_States • http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/tsca.html • http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lovecanal/01.html • http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/cercla.htm • http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Three-Mile-Island-accident/ • http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/cercla.htm • http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/ • http://cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/briefingbooks/laws/f.cfm • http://www.epa.gov/osweroe1/content/learning/exxon.htm