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APES

APES. Get out notebook paper – NO SPIRAL FRINGE Everything else away except a writing utensil. . Nonrenewable Energy. Ch. 15 . What types of energy do we use? . Direct SOLAR ENERGY Indirect SOLAR ENERGY COMMERCIAL ENERGY. 1. DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY. Photovoltaic Cells Solar Thermal.

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APES

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  1. APES • Get out notebook paper – NO SPIRAL FRINGE • Everything else away except a writing utensil.

  2. Nonrenewable Energy Ch. 15

  3. What types of energy do we use? • Direct SOLAR ENERGY • Indirect SOLAR ENERGY • COMMERCIAL ENERGY

  4. 1. DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY Photovoltaic Cells Solar Thermal

  5. 2. INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY Biofuels Wind turbines Hydroelectric dams

  6. 3. COMMERCIAL ENERGY • From nonrenewable resources • Extracting/burning nonrenewable resources (FOSSIL FUELS)

  7. Energy Use: World & US

  8. Energy Use WORLD US 93% Nonrenewable World’s largest energy user 5% of world’s population uses 25% of world’s energy • 85% Nonrenewable • Use of coal • Use of oil • Nuclear leveled off • Developing countries depend on biomass (fulewood, charcoal) for heating/cooking – can’t afford fossil fuels

  9. FOSSIL FUELS * • Composed of partially decayed organism remains • Nonrenewable • Form too slowly to replenish • NOT sustainable EX: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas

  10. Fossil Fuels • OIL, NATURAL GAS, & COAL • Oil and gas are less dense than coal • Move upward through porous rock and become trapped

  11. Formation of Fossil Fuels Formation of Coal - Over time, plants die, covered by water and sediment - Heat and pressure convert material into carbon rich ore (COAL) and sedimentary rock. Formation of Oil Death and buildup of microscopic aquatic organisms. Heat and Pressure convert material to hydrocarbons (OIL) without oxygen in sediments that prevent decay. Formation of Natural Gas Same as oil, just produced at higher temperatures than oil.

  12. FOSSIL FUELS Developed countries consume 8x MORE energy than developing countries

  13. What is Net Energy and why is it important? Net energy is the amount of high-quality energy available from an energy resource minus the amount of energy needed to make it available.

  14. Basic Science: Net Energy is the only energy that really counts • First law of thermodynamics: • It takes high-quality energy to get high-quality energy • Pumping oil from ground, refining it, transporting it • Second law of thermodynamics • Some high-quality energy is wasted at every step

  15. Net Energy Ratio Energy Produced : Energy Used to Produce it Conventional Oil = HIGH net energy ratio

  16. Space Heating Passive solar 5.8 Natural gas 4.9 Oil 4.5 Active solar 1.9 Coal gasification 1.5 Electric heating (coal-fired plant) 0.4 Electric heating (natural-gas-fired plant) 0.4 Electric heating (nuclear plant) 0.3 Fig. 15-3a, p. 373

  17. High-Temperature Industrial Heat 28.2 Surface-mined coal Underground- mined coal 25.8 Natural gas 4.9 4.7 Oil Coal gasification 1.5 Direct solar (concentrated) 0.9 Fig. 15-3b, p. 373

  18. Transportation Natural gas 4.9 Gasoline (refined crude oil) 4.1 Biofuel (ethanol) 1.9 Coal liquefaction 1.4 Oil shale 1.2 Fig. 15-3c, p. 373

  19. Net Energy • Energy sources with low/negative net energy cannot compete in open markets with alternatives that have higher net energy yields EX. Nuclear power Need subsidies from taxpayers

  20. Reducing Energy Waste Improves Net Energy Yields and Can Save Money • 84% of all commercial energy used in the U.S. is wasted • 43% after accounting for second law of thermodynamics • Drive efficient cars, not gas guzzlers • Make buildings energy efficient

  21. In 2008: Energy Use in US Comprised of Oil 40% Natural Gas 23% Coal 20% Nuclear Power 8% Hydropower 3% Biomass 3% Geothermal, 1% Solar & wind

  22. We depend heavily on oil • Petroleum or crude oil • Composed of various hydrocarbons • Produced by decomposition of dead organic matter from plants/animals

  23. Oil Recovery

  24. We depend heavily on oil • Peak production: time after which production from a well declines • Global peak production for all world oil

  25. Lowest Boiling Point Gases Oil Extraction & Refining Gasoline Aviation fuel • By boiling point temperature Heating oil Diesel oil Naphtha Grease and wax Heated crude oil Asphalt Furnace Highest Boiling Point

  26. Petrochemicals Raw materials used in manufacturing such as • Organic chemicals • Pesticides • Plastics • Synthetic Fibers • Paints

  27. How long might conventional supplies of oil last? SHORT ANSWER = ??????? • Rapid increase of use since 1950 • Largest consumers in 2009 • United States, 23% • China, 8% • Japan, 6%

  28. How long might conventional supplies of oil last? • Proven oil reserves • Identified deposits that can be extracted profitably with current technology • Unproven reserves • Probable reserves: 50% chance of recovery • Possible reserves: 10-40% chance of recovery • Proven and unproven reserves will be 80% depleted sometime between 2050 and 2100

  29. Proven & Unproven Reserves in N. America

  30. What are our options? • Look for more oil • Use less oil • Waste less oil • Use other energy sources See figure 18, P. S49, Supplement 8 in NEW BOOK

  31. Crude Oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Fig. 15-5, p. 376

  32. Trade-Offs Conventional Oil Advantages Disadvantages Ample supply for several decades Water pollution from oil spills and leaks Environmental costs not included in market price High net energy yield but decreasing Releases CO 2 and other air pollutants when burned Low land disruption Vulnerable to international supply interruptions Efficient distribution system Fig. 15-6, p. 377

  33. APES • Get out math “cheat sheet” & Ch. 15 notes

  34. OPEC Organization of Petroluem Exporting Countries • 13 countries have at least 60% of the world’s crude oil reserves • Saudi Arabia: 20% • United States: 1.5% • Global oil production leveled off in 2005

  35. 3 caveats when evaluating future oil supplies • Potential reserves are not proven reserves • Must use net energy yield to evaluate potential of any oil deposit • Must take into account high global use of oil

  36. Natural Gas • Mixture of gases • 50 -90% Methane (CH4) • Versatile with high net energy

  37. Natural Gas Uses • Heat space & water • Produce electricity

  38. What are the advantages & disadvantages to using Natural Gas? Conventional natural gas is more plentiful than oil, has a high net energy yield and a fairly low cost, and has the lowest environmental impact of all fossil fuels.

  39. Formation of Natural Gas • Same as oil, just produced at higher temperatures • Conventional natural gas – lies above most reservoirs of crude oil

  40. Conventional Natural Gas • Pipelines • Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) • Liquefied natural gas (LNG) • Low net energy yield • Makes U.S. dependent upon unstable countries like Russia and Iran

  41. What are the advantages & disadvantages of using coal? Conventional coal is plentiful and has a high net energy yield and low cost, but it has a very high environmental impact.

  42. What are the advantages & disadvantages of coal? Gaseous and liquid fuels produced from coal could be plentiful, but they have lower net energy yields and higher environmental impacts than conventional coal has.

  43. Coal • Solid fossil fuel • Burned in power plants (inefficient)

  44. Coal is a plentiful, but dirty fuel • World’s most abundant fossil fuel • US = 28% of proven reserves • Environmental costs of burning coal • Severe air pollution • Sulfur released as SO2 • Large amount of soot • CO2 • Trace amounts of Hg and radioactive materials

  45. Coal Formation

  46. Increasing heat and carbon content Increasing moisture content Anthracite (hard coal) Lignite (brown coal) Peat (not a coal) Bituminous (soft coal) Heat Heat Heat Pressure Pressure Pressure Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content Low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas Extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas Stages in Coal Formation Stepped Art Fig. 15-14, p. 382

  47. How do coal power plants produce energy? Fig. 15-15, p. 382

  48. CO2 Emissions Per Unit of Electrical Energy Produced for Energy Sources Fig. 15-17, p. 383

  49. Trade-Offs Coal Advantages Disadvantages Ample supplies in many countries Severe land disturbance and water pollution Fine particle and toxic mercury emissions threaten human health High net energy yield Low cost when environmental costs are not included Emits large amounts of CO2 and other air pollutants when produced and burned Fig. 15-18, p. 384

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