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Classification

Biologists use classification systems to study and organize living organisms in a logical manner. This article explains the importance of taxonomy and introduces the concept of binomial nomenclature. It also discusses the different kingdoms and domains in the classification system, as well as the use of cladistics and dichotomous keys in determining relationships and identifying species.

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Classification

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  1. Classification Chapter 18

  2. How are living things organized for study?

  3. Classification • To study the __________ of life, biologists use a classification system to __________ organisms and ___________ them in a logical manner • Why? • Common names can be confusing (buzzard) or misleading (starfish) • Taxonomy: discipline of ____________organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted _______ • In science we use ___________ ___________, a 2-part naming system developed by Carolus ___________ (1700s).

  4. Binomial Nomenclature • Rules: • Both words must be in ____________or underlined. • The first letter of the first word (the ________) is _____________. • The second word (the _________) is in _________________. • Always written in ______________ ( language most of English is derived from) • Example • Feliscatus

  5. Kingdoms and Domains There are 2 different Systems of Classification: • ________________________ • Monera • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia • _____________________________ (“superkingdoms”) • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya

  6. Classification System Linnaeus created a classification system based on organism’s _____ and ___________. He created 7 _____(classification “groups”, domain added later) from __________ to most specific: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dumb Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools

  7. Brown Squirrel • Kingdom:_____________ (“is an animal”) • Phylum:Chordata (“has a spine”) • Class:____________ (“nurses its young”) • Order:Rodentia (“has long sharp front teeth”) • Family:____________ (“has a bushy tail”) • Genus:Tamiasciurus(“climbs trees”) • Species:_________________(“has brown fur on its back and white fur on its underparts”)

  8. How do we determine how similar or how dissimilar certain organisms are?

  9. Cladistics • Cladistics is one method of _________________phylogenies (how they are related) based on ______________ traits. • Patterns of ____________ characteristics • ______________ traits are new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time. • These derived traits are displayed on a cladogram. • Shows the ________________ relationships among a group of organisms

  10. Cladogram

  11. DICHOTOMOUS KEY • A tool used to identify ____________ or _______________. • A list of characteristics become more ______________ as they describe the particular item of interest. • Forced-choice selection between two characteristic options • Follow directions next to characteristic until you get to a species (like “choose your own path books”)

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