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Human Development

Human Development. Chapter 4. Four Central Questions. Nature or nurture? What are the contributions of genetics and environment to development? Continuous or discontinuous? Is development gradual process or are there periods of rapid change? One course or many?

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Human Development

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  1. Human Development Chapter 4

  2. Four Central Questions • Nature or nurture? • What are the contributions of genetics and environment to development? • Continuous or discontinuous? • Is development gradual process or are there periods of rapid change? • One course or many? • Does everyone develop the same or are there individual or cultural differences? • Active or passive? • What role does child play in own development?

  3. Periods of Development • Zygote/germinal • Embryo • Fetus

  4. Zygote • fertilized egg/ovum • conception to 2 weeks • multiplies from 1 cell to ~ 100 • moves from Fallopian tube near ovary to uterus • implants in uterine wall & forms umbilical cord & placenta

  5. Embryo • 3 weeks to 8 weeks • cell multiplication & organ differentiation • heart beats, beginnings of CNS (neural tube), some features (e.g., eyes)

  6. Fetus • 8 weeks to birth • growth is rapid, slow, rapid • existing organs grow & are refined • protective structures develop (bones, skin) • physical response to environment • practice independent functions (breathing)

  7. Prenatal development and sensitive periods Environmental hazards: Teratogens

  8. Growth trends • Double weight by 4-6mo • Triple weight by 12mo • From 2 to puberty: • 2-3 inch/year • 6-7 lbs/year • Cephalocaudal • top-down • Head develops first • Proximodistal: • center - outward • Internal organs • Trunk faster than arms & legs

  9. Gross Motor development • Reaching for objects (2mo) • Roll over (3mo) • Sit without support (5mo) • Creeping and crawling (7-10mo) • Pull to a stand (8mo) • Standing, squatting, cruising (10mo) • Walking with help (11mo) • Walking (12mo)

  10. Walking • Nature or nurture? • Continuous or discontinuous? • One course or many? • Active or passive? • What do you think? • What are Ester Thelen’s findings? • How would she answer the above questions?

  11. Movement Possibilities of the Body • Physical Growth and The Stepping Reflex • Ester Thelen and colleagues research • Induced stepping for infants (2 - 6 weeks) 1. “Chubby” babies = Fewer steps 2. Leg-weights = Fewer steps 3. Legs in water = More steps • “Stepping Reflex” disappears only because of infants’ asynchronous physical growth

  12. Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory of Motor Development • All parts of Dynamic System work together to help child master new skill… • Central nervous system development • Physical growth • Goals of the child • Environmental supports

  13. Fine Motor Development • Newborns: grasping/palmar reflex • 1-2 months: visually-guided reaching • 4 months: reach inward to body midline • use 2 hands simultaneously • 7-8 months: sequence of behaviors • 8-10 years - skills close to adults

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