Human Development

1. Human Development Great Oaks From Little Acorns Grow -English Proverb

2. Developmental Psychology is the study of the changes that occur as people grow up and grow older. The study of YOU from womb to tomb.

3. Objectives • Physical, Cognitive, Social Development across the life span • Enduring Issues in Psychology • Nature-Nurture • Continuity-stages • Stability-Change

4. PHYSICAL Development Prenatal Development • Conception begins with the drop of an egg and the release of about 200 million sperm. • The sperm seeks out the egg and attempt to penetrate the egg’s surface.

5. PHYSICAL Development The Zygote • Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg called…….. The first stage of prenatal development. Lasts about two weeks and consists of rapid cell division.

6. After two weeks, the zygote develops into an…. PHYSICAL Development • Lasts about 6 weeks. • Heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop. Embryo

7. PHYSICAL Development Fetus • By nine weeks a fetus is formed. • By about the 6th month, the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother. • At this time the baby can hear (and recognize) sounds and respond to light.

8. PHYSICAL Development In the Beginning, the Competent Newborn • Born with Reflexes • Rooting • Grasping • Sucking • Moro See Moro Video… • Born with ability to sense…have to learn to perceive • Do you remember the definitions? • Sensation • Perception • Learning

9. PHYSICAL Development Healthy Newborns • Turn head towards voices . • See 8 to 12 inches from their faces. • Gaze longer at human like objects right from birth.

10. Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary…How do Babies Grow? Babies growth = Maturation + Learning …We learned about learning… …So what’s Maturation????

11. Maturation • Defined: The growth over which we have no control • Maturational readiness • 18 months walking • 2.5 talking • What will hinder maturation? • Lack of food, stimulation, physical movement

12. Physical and Motor Development

13. COGNITIVE Development Schemes help us learn • Schema - a plan for knowing • Assimilation • Fit the world into our scheme • Stacking blocks per usual • Accommodation • Changing the scheme to fit the world • Changing the way you stack the blocks

14. Jean Piaget Father of Developmental Psychology

15. Piaget • Born August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland • Died September 16, 1980 in Geneva, Switzerland • Got his first degree in zoology (specifically mollusks) • Published his first paper at age 11 - it was about albino sparrows... So what does that tell you?

16. Piaget • Interested in Natural Sciences. • Studied/worked in BINET’s lab (developer of the intelligence test) • Got married to Valentine Chatenay in 1923 and had three children • Studied his own kids???? Based theories on his studies… What’s up with that?

17. Piaget • Fundamental Question: • How does knowledge grow • Answer: • In stages from lower, less logical to higher, more powerful • Conclusions: • Children are not mini-adults • Children’s logic and cognitive processes are entirely different than that of adults

18. Key Concepts • Object Permanence • Representational Thought • Conservation • Egocentrism

19. COGNITIVE Development Piaget father of Cognitive Psychology • Object permanence - understanding objects exist even when it can’t be seen or held

20. COGNITIVE Development Piaget father of Cognitive Psychology • Egocentrism – Inability to see another’s perspective • Representational thought - ability to picture in mind’s eye

21. All of this is COGNITIVE Development Piaget father of Cognitive Psychology • Conservation - appearance change doesn’t mean the quantitity changed

22. Conservation - appearance change doesn’t mean the quantity changed 6.5 Years 4.5 yrs

23. Conservation - appearance change doesn’t mean the quantity changed 6.5 Years 4.5 yrs

24. Tasks To Measure Conservation

25. Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

26. Examples of Concrete Thinking • Better to be safe than _____ • Punch a third grader • It’s always darkest before _____ • Day light savings • Don’t bite the hand that _____ • Looks dirty • You can’t teach an old dog _____ • New math • The pen is mightier than the _____ • pigs • A penny saved is _____ • Not much

27. Children Say the Darndest Things …cont’d • Laugh and the world laughs with you, cry and ______ • You have to blow your nose • Children should be seen and not _____ • spanked • Better late than _____ • Pregnant

28. SOCIAL Development Harry Harlow

30. Harry Harlow • Touch is critical in forming attachments. • There is a critical period for forming attachments.

31. Types of Attachment • Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation. • Three types of attachment: • Secure-secure in knowledge that caregiver will be there to help in distress • Avoidant – avoid caregiver • Anxious/ambivalent – no difference between caregiver and stranger

32. Ainsworth

33. Parenting Styles • Authoritarian Parents • Permissive Parents • Authoritative Parents

34. Sigmund Freud • We all have a libido (sexual drive). • Our libido travels to different areas of our body throughout our development. • If we become preoccupied with any one area, Freud said we have become fixated on it. • Together Freud called these stages our Psychosexual Stages of Development.

35. Oral Stage • Seek pleasure through out mouths. • Babies put everything in their mouths (0-2). • People fixated in this stage tend to overeat, smoke or have a childhood dependence on things.

36. Anal Stage • Develops during toilet training (2-4). • Libido is focused on controlling waste and expelling waste. • A person fixated may become overly controlling (retentive) or out of control (expulsive).

37. Phallic Stage • Children first recognize their gender (4-7). • Causes conflict in families with the Oedipus and ElectraComplexes. • Fixation can cause later problems in relationships.

38. Latency Stage • Libido is hidden (7-11). • Cooties stage. • Freud believed that fixation in this stage could lead to sexual issues.

39. Genital Stage • Libido is focused on their genitals (12-death). • Freud thought fixation in this stage is normal.

40. Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages

41. Erik Erikson • A neo-Freudian • Worked with Anna Freud • Thought our personality was influenced by our experiences with others. • Stages of Psychosocial Development. • Each stage centers on a social conflict.

42. Trust v. Mistrust • Can a baby trust the world to fulfill its needs? • The trust or mistrust they develop can carry on with the child for the rest of their lives.

43. Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt • Toddlers begin to control their bodies (toilet training). • Control Temper Tantrums • Big word is “NO” • Can they learn control or will they doubt themselves?

44. Initiative V. Guilt • Word turns from “NO” to “WHY?” • Want to understand the world and ask questions. • Is there curiosity encouraged or scolded?

45. Industry v. Inferiority • School begins • We are for the first time evaluated by a formal system and our peers. • Do we feel good or bad about our accomplishments? • Can lead to us feeling bad about ourselves for the rest of our lives…inferiority complex.

46. Identity v. Role Confusion • In our teenage years we try out different roles. • Who am I? • What group do I fit in with? • If I do not find myself I may develop an identity crisis.

47. Intimacy v. Isolation • Have to balance work and relationships. • What are my priorities?

48. Generativity v. Stagnation • Is everything going as planned? • Am I happy with what I created? • Mid –life crisis!!!

49. Integrity v. Despair • Look back on life. • Was my life meaningful or do I have regret?