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Human Development

This text explores the intertwined issues of health, education, and labor markets in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It highlights crucial statistics, such as low literacy rates and high child mortality, to illustrate the challenges of socioeconomic development. A comparison with Kerala showcases the potential for improvement through investments in health and education. The analysis emphasizes the need for balanced economic growth, addressing the high rates of unemployment among educated individuals, and the impact of governance on development outcomes.

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Human Development

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  1. Human Development By george causer and joe dale

  2. Texts • Alan Richards and John Waterbury. 2008. The Political Economy of the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Chapter 4 (“Human capital: health, education, and labor markets”) • TarikYousef. 2003. Development, growth, and policy reform in the Middle East and North Africa since 1950. Journal of Economic Perspectives,18(3), 91-116. • Lisa Blaydes and Mark Kayser. 2011. Counting calories: Democracy and distribution in the developing world. International Studies Quarterly, 55, pp. 807-908.

  3. Development- A Concept • Definitions- HDI, AHDI, GDP per capita • The need for a balanced view; inequality, quality of life, life expectancy. • Education, Health, ‘Calorie inequality’ all pointed out as measurements of development

  4. Health • Two key important factors health and education which are vital to labour market • Garfield Significant increases in young child mortality are extremely rare this century’ • Child Immunisation key • Food supplements • 10 % increase in girls enrolment primary education= 4.1 deaths per 1000 decrease

  5. Education • MENA in comparison to World has poor literacy rates • Historical basis of states with little established legacy • Recent massive increase in spending • Massive divisions Rural v City • Standard of Education poor within schools

  6. Education • Focus on University by State • Leads to high number of Graduates Families often focus on one member which can reduce average literacy rates

  7. Economics • Low Basepoint • ‘Lowest levels of socioeconomic development in the world’ TarikYousef • ‘Bloated’ public sector • Corruption and the Black Market • ‘Interventionist- Redistributive Model’

  8. Labour Market • Unemployment high; especially amongst educated • ‘Rentier’ state and the Dutch Disease • FDI? Industrial Strategy? • Reform?

  9. Counting Calories • ‘Calorie Inequality’ and the effect on development • Gini co-efficient

  10. Arab World, Kerala and Yemen • OECD average HDI- 0.873 • Kerala HDI-0.790 • Arab World- 0.641 • Yemen HDI- 0.462 • Primary products exports to GDP- Yemen 46% • Reasons- Govt. policy in Kerala compared to MENA avg. and Yemen • Why is HDI inadequate in both cases? • What does Kerala prove is good about HDI? • Could the MENA learn anything from Kerala?

  11. Conclusion • The MENA region is underdeveloped overall. • Though it compares well to South Asia, given its wealth it has often struggled to mirror development per capita • Kerala as an example shows what investment in literacy and health can achieve • However it also shows the struggles of an educated workforce with inadequate employment opportunities • This is a shared problem with MENA • MENA has the resources to invest in other industries to achieve this balanced growth

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