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Warm-up: Development Vocabulary

Warm-up: Development Vocabulary. Write down key terms for each age range. Think of things like physical, emotional, intellectual growth & conflict at that age. First year 1 to 3 4 to 5 6 to 12 13 to 18 19 to 25 25 to 45 45 to 65 65 on. Developmental Psychology. Defined

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Warm-up: Development Vocabulary

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  1. Warm-up: Development Vocabulary Write down key terms for each age range. Think of things like physical, emotional, intellectual growth & conflict at that age. First year 1 to 3 4 to 5 6 to 12 13 to 18 19 to 25 25 to 45 45 to 65 65 on

  2. Developmental Psychology • Defined • the study of the age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death(physical, cognitive, social-emotional and moral development) • Nature/Nurture Controversy • The debate about how much of development results from heredity or environment Nature: argues our development is governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals Nurture: argues development occurs by learning through personal experience and observation of others

  3. Study Methods Specific to Developmental Psychology • Cross Sectional Studies • observing subjects of varying ages at one moment in time • Longitudinal • observing subjects of the same age at varying times across their lifespan • Cohort Sequential • observing subjects of varying ages across varying times across their lifespan

  4. Genetics • 23 pairs chromosomes • Dominant vs. Recessive • Genotype (Bb) vs. Phenotype (Brown) • Homogenous (bb or BB) vs. Heterogeneous • Male XY, Female XX • Down syndrome: extra chromosome • There are abnormalities (XXY, XYY, XXX, XO): studies on behavioral differences

  5. Prenatal Development • Zygote: conception to two weeks of gestation- placenta, teratogens • Embryo: from two to nine weeks of gestation- vulnerable, miscarriages • Fetus: from nine weeks to birth • Age of Viability: the age at which a fetus can survive outside the womb (about 24 weeks)

  6. Infant senses • Hearing, smell, taste, sight • Memory- age 3, but... • Reflexes: Blink, Moro, palmer, rooting • Motor development • Maturation- genetically programmed biological plan • Proximodistal- Torso out • Cephalocaudal- Head down

  7. Landmarks of Motor Dev. diagram

  8. Childhood- Physical Development • Perception • Visual Acuity • Depth Perception-visual cliff • Motor-Large Muscle Development • Milestone development • head support • rolls over • sits up • standing • walking

  9. Harlow’s Monkey Study: Contact comfort • Attachment Studies done by Harlow • Found infant monkeys would seek comfort from terry cloth mothers even if they were not fed by them

  10. Attachment Mary Ainsworth: study on attachment: “strange situation”  Separation anxiety (peaks at 13 months) • Secure Attachment • Anxious-Ambivalent or Resistant Attachment • Avoidant Attachment • Effects of poor attachment…

  11. Temperament • Easy (40%) Adaptable • Difficult (10%) • Slow-to-warm-up infants (15%) • Average (35%) • 70% of difficult infants develop behavior problems • 18% of the easy infants develop behavior problems

  12. Parenting style • Authoritarian: rules and obedience • Permissive: few demands, little punishment • Authoritative: demanding but responsive • Authoritative seems to be best approach, but research is correlational.

  13. Adolescence • Pubescence: two years before puberty • Secondary sex characteristics • Puberty: • Males- sperm production 14, maturation 18 • Females- menarche 12.5, maturation 16 • Early puberty affects on gender

  14. Adolescence • Emotional Development • Erikson- search for identity • Physical beginnings of adulthood to independence • Physiological Changes • Puberty: stage when sexual functions reach maturity, generally considered to be the mark of the beginning of adolescence • Growth Spurt: earlier in girls, maturation • Maturation of secondary sex characteristics

  15. Gender development • Carol Gilligan: girls moral decisions “care perspective” • Females are more “interdependent” • Most difference are attributed to gender roles in society. • Men do seem to have slightly better spatial skills, women verbal and fine motor skills

  16. Issues in Adulthood • Psychosocial Development • Erikson- intimacy, generativity, and integrity • Physical Changes/Aging • appearance • hormones • sensory sensitivity • Cognitive Changes • longitudinal vs. cross sectional • crystallized vs. fluid • recall vs. recognition

  17. Physical Aging Diagram

  18. Memory & Aging Diagram

  19. Stage Theorists in Development • Erikson: Psychosocial Development • Freud: Psychosexual Development (will study next chapter) • Piaget: Cognitive Development • Kohlberg: Moral Development

  20. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages • Trained as a Freudian Psychoanalyst • One of the first theorists that looked at development through the lifespan • Came up with stages relating to the social conflict • Did feel early experiences leave a permanent mark, but did not focus on unconscious.

  21. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1) • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3) • Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5) • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) • Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence) • Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood) • Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood) • Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)

  22. Erikson’s Stages Diagram

  23. Piaget’s Cognitive Stages • Sensori-motor: object permanence • Preoperational: symbolize, language, imitation, egocentric, irreversibility, developing conservation • Concrete operations: can decenter and reverse, mastered conservation, have trouble with hypothetical • Formal operations: abstract, logic and systematic thinking

  24. Piaget’s Terms for Thinking • Schema: basic thought structure • Assimilation: Error in applying a schema to a new situation (all 4 legged animals= dog, all male adults= dad) • Accommodation: Changing schemas based on experience or understanding

  25. Piaget’s Stages Diagram

  26. Kohlberg’s Moral Development • In Europe a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2000, ten times what the drug cost to make. The husband went to everyone to borrow money, but he could only get half together. He asked the druggist to sell it cheaper or let him pay later, and was told “no.” The husband broke into the man’s store and stole the drug. Was this morally right? Why?

  27. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Diagram

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