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RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION. PUTTING THE NATION BACK TOGETHER. Final Toll. Close to 10,455 battles between N & S 1,094,453 dead if you factor in battle deaths, sickness, executions, suicide, etc. Roughly 620,000 causalities

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RECONSTRUCTION

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  1. RECONSTRUCTION PUTTING THE NATION BACK TOGETHER

  2. Final Toll • Close to 10,455 battles between N & S • 1,094,453 dead if you factor in battle deaths, sickness, executions, suicide, etc. • Roughly 620,000 causalities • For the North only -if fought today:$ 2.5 million DAILY in 1863 = $48,736,944 today (Iraq: 275 m) • The war would cost $46 TRILLION in today’s money- 145% of GDP • The words "In God We Trust" first appeared on a U.S. coin in 1864. • Official Estimate in 1879 was $ 6 Billion • Senator John J. Crittendon of Kentucky had two sons who became major generals during the Civil War: one for the North, one for the South.

  3. TOUGH QUESTIONS TO ANSWER • Did nation ever really split? • How do we put nation together? • Whose job is it?: President or Congress? • What needs to be done with the Southern economy (in shambles)? • What needs to be done for the freed slaves?

  4. LINCOLN’S PLAN • Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was established in 1863- two years before surrender • Split South into 5 military districts • 10% Plan: Each state had to redraft their constitutions to eliminate slavery and 10% of voters had to pledge allegiance to United States • Agreed to amnesty for all but highest Confederates • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • Vice President Johnson will continued plan after Lincoln’s bad evening at the theater

  5. WADE-DAVIS BILL: 50% • Radical republicans wanted to punish the Confederacy for secession, transform Southern society, and protect rights of freed slaves • 50% Plan: Called for 50% of voters to take oath to U.S. • Also called for military governor • Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill

  6. FREEDMEN’S BUREAU • FREEDMENS BUREAU: Formed to aide freed slaves and whites with food, medical care, schools, and legal issue • Would later help African Americans adjust: Schools, interpretation of legal documents, and courts • Special Field Order 15- Given by Sherman that stated abandoned land would be given, in 40 acre plots, to free slaves • Helped form schools for African-Americans: Howard University and Fisk University • Education seen as greatest achievement

  7. *Sharecropping* • System of farming that allowed freed slaves (and other African Americans) to remain on the land and farm it, but unfair practices left many tied to the land in a form of near slavery. • They would lease a portion and once paid off lease, the rest was profit • Very corrupt and forced many African Americans to remain tied to the land because of the debt they were forced to go into

  8. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • Carried out by ANDREW JOHNSON • Carried out Lincoln’s 10% including pardons • Ordered all land confiscated by FREEDMEN’S BUREAU be returned to owners • Allowed several states to return to U.S. while the Congress was recessed • Wanted to prevent elite class from taking power again • He declared Reconstruction completed in 1865

  9. Civil Rights of 1866 • The Civil Rights Act of 1866, enacted April 9, 1866, is a federal law in the United States that was mainly intended to protect the civil rights (citizenship and due process) of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War. The Act was enacted by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. • Replaced by the 14th Amendment (Which is one of the most used amendments by the Supreme Court)

  10. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION • Radical Republicans led by Charles Sumner attempted to over turn Johnson’s work • Reconstruction Act of 1867: Stated states that came in under Johnson’s plan were invalid • Passed a series of amendments to protect their actions and African-Americans

  11. RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS • Amendments designed to protect African-Americans: MOST IMPORTANT PART OF RECONSTRUCTION • 13th: Outlawed slavery (1865) • 14th: Redefines citizenship (Dred Scott no longer applies) and offers due process and equal protection under the law (1866) • Other cases using 14th Amendment: Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Bush v. Gore (2000)

  12. Reconstruction Amendments • 15th: United States may not prevent a citizen from voting because of his race, color, or previous status as a slave(1870)

  13. Women’s Suffrage Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Stanton

  14. What about us? • 14th and 15th Amendments both inspired and frustrated the Women’s Suffrage Movement • Many women were involved in the abolition movement and helped the Union through the National Woman’s Loyal League and the U.S. Sanitary Commission • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony protested the use of “male” in the 14th Amendment • Stanton, Anthony, and Lucy Stone founded the American Equal Rights Association in 1866- Due to their resistance many former abolition movements supporters and even the Republican Party pulled funds and support for woman suffrage because of their lack of support for the 14th and 15th Amendment

  15. Spilt Movement • The fight split the movement- American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA): Founded in 1869 and led by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and Henry Blackwell- Wanted suffrage at state level (Moderate- Supported 15th Amendment) • National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA): More radical, Felt the amendment didn’t include all of the goals of the Declaration of Sentiments from Seneca Falls 1848 • Failure of movement was more due to the times (Failure of Radical Reconstruction and the ability to get suffrage for both blacks and women) than the fragment group • Would lead to an independent suffrage movement

  16. IMPEACHMENT • Tenure of Office Act was passed to limit Johnson’s authority: Couldn’t remove officials from office w/out Senate and could give military orders w/out commander’s approval • Johnson removed Secretary of War Edward Stanton and replaced him with U.S. Grant • Impeached- missed being removed by one vote • Rendered him basically powerless

  17. Problems of Reconstruction: BLACK CODES • Black Codes: Series of laws that were meant to keep African-Americans in a state of near slavery • Examples: Had to work on land for certain time (indenture servant,) had to carry residence papers (like passports), could be arrested and forced to work if seen as being idle

  18. KKK • Started in TN in 1866 but spread to all Southern states by 1868 • First was a social club based on practical jokes and hazing, but would turn to violent means: lynching, burning of black schools and churches, etc. • Nathan Bedford Forrest: First national Grand Wizard

  19. Problems of Reconstruction: KKK • Its main purpose was to resist Reconstruction, and it focused as much on intimidating"carpetbaggers" (NORTHERN REPUBLICANS WHO MOVED SOUTH TO MAKE MONEY REBUILDING THE SOUTH) and "scalawags" (WHITE SOUTHERNERS WHO JOINED REPUBLICAN PARTY) as on putting down the freed slaves.

  20. DECLINE OF THE KKK • CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1871 (aka KKK Act)-Allowed federal military to arrest and try citizens of the states for civil rights violation. Helped to end KKK in SC • Used especially well by U.S. Grant who was elected to president in 1868

  21. President U.S. Grant • Elected in 1868 • 1st term was rocked by scandals: tax invasion, kick-backs, etc.: Caused republicans to split and weaken • 2nd Term: PANIC of 1873: over expansion by rail roads and industrialist led to economic depression: Stock market crashed and many banks, including the largest collapsed. • Combination of scandals and depression people lost focus on Reconstruction

  22. END OF RECONSTRUCTION • By 1877, democrats won enough votes (aided by poll taxes and violence) to win in every southern state • Hayes-Tilden Compromise (Compromise of 1877): Presidential race tied between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden. Hayes agreed to remove troops from South in exchange for election • RECONSTRUCTION COMES TO A CLOSE • Many of the issues not solved in the 1870s linger into today’s society

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