Jefferson's Presidency: Changing Government, Territory & Foreign Policy

1. Essential Question: • How did Jefferson’s presidency change American government, territory, & foreign policy? • Warm-Up Question: • How will the fact that Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican influence his policies as America’s third president?

2. George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the “Revolution of 1800”: For the first time, a new political party took the presidency Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-Republicans

3. Jefferson as President • As a Democratic-Republican, Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t: • He reduced the size of the army • Cut back Hamilton’s financial plan by ending all excise taxes & allowing the charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire

4. Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty

5. “Midnight Judges” • Before leaving office, President Adams appointed numerous Federalist judges to federal courts • John Marshall became chief justice to the Supreme Court • Over the next 30 years, John Marshall strengthened the power of the national gov’t & the Supreme Court

6. The Legacy of John Marshall In each of these cases, John Marshall helped strengthen the power of the national gov’t over the states or protected citizens from the power of their state gov’ts • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) • Cohens v. Virginia (1821) • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

7. Marbury v. Madison • Jefferson invalidated as many of Adams’ midnight judges as possible • One judge, William Marbury, sued claiming that the president could not overturn an act of Congress • The case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

8. Judicial Review

9. The United States in 1800 From 1800 to 1810, the population grew by 2 million people, thousands flooded into the west, & 3 new states were added to the USA In 1800, Napoleon reclaimed Louisiana from Spain, but by 1803, he needed money to fund his European war & offered to sell Louisiana Ohio (1803) Kentucky (1792) Tennessee (1796)

10. The Louisiana Purchase (1803) As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana but he did it anyway In 1803, Jefferson authorized the Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to map & explore this new territory; Their findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America

11. Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804

12. Jefferson’s Legacy • Jefferson came into office trying to reduce the size & power of the national government, but: • By buying Louisiana, he expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution • He encouraged Congress to create an “embargo” (no trade) to punish England & France for violating U.S. free trade

13. Napoleon’s Empire Americans smuggled & Jefferson had to increase the size of gov’t to enforce the embargo Jefferson’s embargo was a “pain in the rear end” because it hurt Americans more than it hurt the English or French

14. Closure Activity • Marbury v Madison • Louisiana Purchase

15. Essential Question: • How did the War of 1812 encourage American unity & nationalism? • Warm-Up Question: • How did Washington, Adams, & Jefferson each respond to violations of American free trade by the French & British?

16. George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812 Madison was the architect of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t

17. The War of 1812 “Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry • Unfortunately, the war between England & France continued to cause problems for Americans: • England & France continued to violate American free trade • The British navy continued to “impress” American merchants • Many Congressmen, called “War Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor

18. Quick Class Discussion • Problem: Since 1793, Britain & France have been at war, violated free trade, & impressed merchants • Attempts to resolve these issues did not solve these problems: • Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) • Adams’ XYZ Affair (1798) • Jefferson’s failed embargo (1807) Solution? Brainstorm 3 possible solutions President Madison could use to solve this problem & select the 1 best alternative. Be sure to explain your decision

19. Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution” Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812

20. The War of 1812 (1812—1814) • The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began • Had a weak navy&poorly trained army • Thewarwent badly at first The British attacked & burned Washington, DC… …and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”

21. The War of 1812 (1812—1814) • The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began • Had a weak navy&poorly trained army • Thewarwent badly at first The British attacked & burned Washington, DC… …and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”

22. The War of 1812 (1812—1814) • Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly

23. The War of 1812 (1812—1814) • In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war • Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans The Americans were led by Andrew Jackson who became a national hero The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war

24. Battle of New Orleans—Johnny Horton (1959) In 1814 we took a little tripAlong with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip.We took a little bacon and we took a little beansAnd we caught the bloody British in the town of New Orleans. [Chorus:]We fired our guns and the British kept a'comin.There wasn't nigh as many as there was a while ago.We fired once more and they began to runnin' onDown the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. We looked down the river and we see'd the British come.And there must have been a hundred of'em beatin' on the drum.They stepped so high and they made the bugles ring.We stood by our cotton bales and didn't say a thing. [Chorus]Old Hickory said we could take 'em by surpriseIf we didn't fire our muskets 'til we looked 'em in the eyeWe held our fire 'til we see'd their faces well.Then we opened up with squirrel guns and really gave 'em ... well

25. Treaty of Ghent • Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it did not address trade rights or other causes of the war • Effects of the War of 1812: • Americans were united in a sense of nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British • America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy

26. Closure Activity • War of 1812?

27. Essential Question: • How did American nationalism increase under James Monroe? • Warm-Up Question: • What caused the War of 1812? • What changed as a result of the War of 1812 & Treaty of Ghent?

28. James Monroe

29. George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals: To promote national unity To promote America’s power in the world Monroe was a Democratic-Republican, but by 1816 the Federalists were so weak that the Republicans could do almost anything

30. The Era of Good Feelings • After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” from 1815 to 1825: • Monroe & the Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism • Nationalism—the interests of the USA should be placed ahead of regional interests

31. American Nationalism • Monroe & the Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways: • Gov’t: Increasing the power of the national gov’t over the states

32. American Nationalism • John Marshall (1801-1835) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t:

33. American Nationalism • Monroe & the Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways: • Gov’t: Increasing the power of the national gov’t over the states • Economy: Encourage industry & build better transportation to link the South, North, & West

34. The American System • In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay proposed the American System to unify the economies of the North, South, & West • Created a 2nd Bank of the U.S. • Created a tariff to promote U.S. industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods • A nat’l system of roads & canals

35. Transportation by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads The American System allowed the USA to create a national market economy for the 1st time Western farms grew grains & raised livestock that fed the nation Northern factories made manufactured goods that were sold throughout the country Southern cotton was used in northern textiles factories

36. Kentucky Congressman Henry Clay • What aspects of this portrait reveal parts of Henry Clay’s “American System”?

37. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi After the War of 1812, Americans flooded into the West; By 1840 over 1/3 of the population lived in the West This economic & territorial growth created a need to settle America’s national boundaries Congress quickly admitted 5 new states to the Union: Indiana (1816) Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819) Mississippi (1817) Louisiana (1812)

38. American Nationalism • Monroe & the Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways: • Gov’t: Increasing the power of the national gov’t over the states • Economy: Encourage industry & build better transportation to link the South, North, & West • Foreign Policy: Expanding U.S. borders & increasing America’s role in world affairs

39. President Monroe & his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams used foreign policy to promote nationalism & territorial expansion American Nationalism In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onis Treaty In 1818, Monroe & British leaders agreed to establish the US/Canada border set at the 49º

40. Nationalist Foreign Policy • When Latin American nations gained independence, the U.S. supported the new republics: • Monroe did not want Europeans re-colonizing in Latin America • Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere & that the U.S. would not interfere in Europe

42. Sectionalism • The Era of Good Feelings was a time of nationalism, but there were problems between North & South • Sectionalism—when regional interests are placed above national interests • Northerners & Southerners disagreed over slavery, national taxes, & the role of national gov’t • These disagreements dominated politics from 1820 to 1860

43. Missouri Compromise Because of the 3/5 Compromise, the South had more members in the House of Representatives • When Missouri applied to become a U.S. state, sectionalism emerged • Missouri wanted to become a slave state, like the South • Northerners did not want to see Southern slave states increase their power in the national gov’t • If Missouri entered as a slave state, the South would have 2 more Senators than the North President Monroe was from Virginia, so the South controlled the presidency too

44. American Slave Population, 1790-1820

45. In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state Missouri became a slave state Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36°30'

46. Closure Activity • Examine this political cartoon: • What do you see? • What can you deduce about how the Monroe Doctrine might be used by the U.S. in the future?