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Presidential Elections. Primary elections or caucuses are used to elect national convention delegates which choose the nominee. Winner-take-all primary Proportional representation primary
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Presidential Elections • Primary elections or caucuses are used to elect national convention delegates which choose the nominee. • Winner-take-all primary • Proportional representation primary • Proportional representation with bonus delegates primary; beauty contest with separate delegate selection; delegate selection with no beauty contest • Caucus
Primaries v. Caucuses • Over years, trend has been to use primaries rather than caucuses to choose delegates. • Caucus is the oldest, most party-oriented method of choosing delegates to the national conventions. • Arguments for primaries • More democratic • More representative • A rigorous test for the candidate • Arguments for caucuses • Caucus participants more informed; more interactive and informative • Frontloading (being first) gives some primary states an advantage • Frontloading is the tendency to choose an early date on the primary schedule
The Party Conventions • Out-of-power party holds its convention first, in late July, followed in mid-August by party holding the presidency. • Conventions were decision-making body in the 19th century. • Today the convention is fundamentally different. Nominations settled well in advance of the convention.
National Convention: Delegate Selections • Unit Rule • A traditional party practice under which the majority of a state delegation can fore the minority to vote for its candidate • Abolished by the Democrats • New Democratic party rule decrees that state’s delegates be chosen in proportion to the voters cast in its primary or caucus. (30% of votes = 30% delegates from that state) – proportional allocation • Superdelegates • Delegate slot to the Democratic Party’s national convention that is reserved for an elected party official • Some rules originating in Democratic Party have been enacted as state laws thus applying them to the Republican Party as well.
National Convention: National Candidates and Issues • Political perceptions and loyalties of voters are not influenced largely by national candidates and issues. • Diminished the power of state and local party leaders at the convention. • Issues are more important to the new, issue-oriented party activists than to the party professionals. • Party professionals no longer have monopoly on managing party affairs.
National Conventions: The News Media • Changing nature of coverage • No prime time coverage on some days • Extending coverage on the final day of each convention • Reflects change in political culture • More interest in the candidates themselves • Convention still generates much coverage for the party
The National Convention: Who are the Delegates? • Parties draw delegates from an elite group • Higher income and educational levels • Differences between parties • 40% Democratic delegates were minorities; 50% women (1980 rule requires half state delegation be female) • Only 17% Republican delegates were minorities. Up from 9% in 2000.
The Electoral College • Representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president • Total number of electors for each state equal to the number of senators and representatives that a state has in the U.S. Congress • District of Columbia is given 3 electoral votes.
The Electoral College • Result of compromise • Selection by Congress versus direct popular election • Three essentials to understanding the design of the Electoral College: • Constructed to work without political parties. • Constructed to cover both the nominating and electing phases of presidential selection. • Constructed to produce a nonpartisan president.
The Electoral College in the 19th Century • 12th Amendment (1804) • Attempt to remedy the confusion between the selection of vice presidents and presidents that emerged in the election 1800 • Provided for separate elections for each office, with each elector having only one vote to cast for each • In event of a tie, the election still went to the House. • Top three candidates go to House. Each state House delegation casts one vote.
The Electoral College Today • Apportionment matters. • Representation of states in the Electoral College is altered every ten years to reflect population shifts. • Recent apportionment has favored the Republicans. • With the exception of California, George W. Bush carried all of the states that gained seats in 2000.
The Electoral College: Three Major Reform Ideas • Abolition • Congressional District Plan • Keep the College, Abolish the Electors
Patterns of Presidential Elections • Party Realignments • A shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections • Critical elections • An election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization • Six party realignments in U.S. history; three associated with tumultuous elections • 1860 • 1890s • 1928-1936 • Secular Realignments • The gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system
Electoral College Results for Three Realigning Presidential Contests
Reforming the Electoral Process • Focus on the Electoral College • Other areas • Nomination • Regional primaries • Campaign Finance • Internet Voting • Standardizing Recounts • Ballot Reform