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The Stormy Sixties 1960-1968

The Stormy Sixties 1960-1968. collage. THE 60'S. Kennedy & the Sixties. 1960’s change : Sexual revolution Civil rights revolution Feminist revolution Counter culture War in Vietnam Kennedy’s Inaugural

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The Stormy Sixties 1960-1968

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  1. The Stormy Sixties 1960-1968

  2. collage THE 60'S

  3. Kennedy & the Sixties 1960’s change: • Sexual revolution • Civil rights revolution • Feminist revolution • Counter culture • War in Vietnam Kennedy’s Inaugural • “Ask not, what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country” • Assembled a young cabinet (Robert Kennedy –Attorney- General) • Tried to adjust focus of FBI to fight organized crime & investigate Civil Rights violation.

  4. PRESIDENT KENNEDY • 35th President of the U.S., 1961-63 • Served in WWII • Senator from Massachusetts • Popular president • ACHIEVEMENTS / EVENTS • New Frontier • Space race---put a man on the moon • Berlin Wall built • Alliance for Progress and Peace Corp • Cuban Missile Crisis • U.S. involvement in Vietnam • Negotiates first nuclear test ban treaty with Soviets • Assassinated, Nov. 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald?

  5. Kennedy’s New Frontier *New Frontier (name of Kennedy’s social domestic programs). His programs were opposed by conservative Democrats & Republicans. JFK expanded the House Rules Committee- to thwart power of Republicans. * Medical & education bills stalled • Peace Corps- volunteer program by which Americans may help underdeveloped countries. • Increased aid to education, aid to elderly, lower inflation, tax cuts, man on moon

  6. JFK & THE Economy Problem: economy was stagnant from Eisenhower years- wanted to revitalize it. The Steel Negotiations • Negotiated non-inflationary wage agreement with the steel industry—1962. • Steel companies initiated price increases (JFK’s wrath= steel industry backed down) Economic policies • used supply-side tax cuts to stimulate the economy

  7. JFK & European Economy • Western Europe- prospering (due to Marshall Plan) & growth of the Common Market (free trade area that later became the European Union) • Trade Expansion Act (1962)- promoted trade with the Common Market by cutting tariffs by 50%. • US policy promoted a US/ Atlantic Community partnership –blocked by Charles de Gaulle (French President) in 1963. • De Gaulle deemed the US unreliable in crisis-developed small French atomic force.

  8. The Space Race • The Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputniksatellite in 1957 inspired the United States to work toward placing a manned spacecraft in orbit. • In April 1961, Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel in space. Americans worried that their technology was falling behind that of the Soviet Union. • 1960 JFK SETS GOAL OF PUTTING A MAN ON MOON • Funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was increased. In 1961 and 1962, American astronauts made initial space flights ($24 Billion). • On July 20, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.

  9. JFK & Flexible Response • Post WWII decolonization created some issues • 1954- Laos (free from the French) close to going communist (Eisenhower had spent millions to prevent this) • 1960- Laotian civil war raged • Kennedy could not send troops because of US commitments in Europe. • Sec. of Defense (Robert McNamara) pushed idea of “flexible response” (develop an array of military options to meet a variety of crisis. • Increased spending on conventional forces, special forces ( GREEN BERETS), & tripled nuclear forces. • Effect: Lowered the level by which diplomacy would give way to troops on the ground • Move away from massive retaliation

  10. The De-Colonization of European Empires

  11. JFK & The Alliance for Progress • Modernization theory- idea that traditional societies of Asia, Africa, & Latin America could develop into modern industrial & democratic nations (basis of US foreign policy in underdeveloped world). • 1961- Alliance for Progress (Marshall Plan for Latin America) • US sent million $$ to Latin America to build schools, hospitals, & for improvements. • Most of the money wound up in hands of rulers

  12. Alliance for Peace statistics in Latin America.

  13. KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY Crises over Cuba • The Cuban Dilemma • Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro declares himself communist • - seizes U.S. properties; Eisenhower cuts off diplomatic relations • 10% of Cuban population goes into exile; mostly to U.S. • **The Bay of Pigs Invasion • Cuban exiles, 1950’s CIA planned invasion to topple Castro • Plans go wrong; exile forces killed, taken prisoner • JFK pays ransom in food, medicine; mission is public embarrassment Continued . . . NEXT

  14. BAY OF PIGS • CIA operative to overthrow Fidel Castro’s dictatorship • U.S. feared Castro was becoming an ally with the Soviet Union. • Failed invasion of Cuba in April of 1961. • Embarrassment for President Kennedy because the U.S. tried to cover up their involvement.

  15. KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY Image Crisis over Berlin • The Berlin Crisis • By 1961 20% of Germans flee to West Berlin; economic drain on East • Khrushchev wants to close access roads to West Berlin; JFK refuses • Soviets isolate West Berlin from East Germany with Berlin Wall NEXT

  16. BERLIN WALL Taking advantage of a demoralized US after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the U-2 spy plane incident, Khruschev orders Allies out of West Berlin….

  17. BERLIN WALL A young woman and her boyfriend talking to the woman’s mother, who is on the east side of the Berlin Wall (1962).

  18. BERLIN WALL • 1961, Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall to force Allies out of West Berlin. Became a symbol of the Cold War. Berlin would by be a divided city.

  19. BERLIN WALL • Families and friends found themselves separated and most Berliners were lucky just to establish visual contact over the Wall. • Stretching for more than 100 miles, escape was virtually impossible because of mines, attack dogs and armed guards with shoot-to-kill orders.

  20. BERLIN WALL • At least 2.7 million people attempted to escape by climbing, vaulting, tunneling or crashing through checkpoints. Others attempted to swim the canals or stow away in cargo shipped across the border.

  21. BERLIN WALL • Unsuccessful attempts resulted in death, mostly at the hands of East German guards. Official figures show that more than 400 people have died trying to escape from East Germany; human rights activists, however, estimate the figure to be closer to 800.

  22. Kennedy/wall BERLIN WALL President Kennedy speaking to West Berliners urging the Soviets to tear down the Berlin Wall.

  23. On the evening of Nov. 9, 1989, restrictions between the two Berlins were lifted. Celebrations around the world culminated with Germany being reunified as one country on Oct. 3, 1990.

  24. KENNEDY FOREIGN POLICY Interactive Crises over Cuba • *The Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962) • Nikita Khrushchev sends weapons to Cuba, including nuclear missiles • Oct. 1962- US spy photos reveal Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. • Oct 22, 1962- JFK issues a quarantine of Cuba & JFK demanded removal of the missiles. • Any attack on the US would be regarded as coming from the USSR -- US navy patrolled Cuban coast. • For a week, Soviet ships approached Cuba with missiles. NEXT

  25. cuban missile2 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS • This U-2 reconnaissance photo showed concrete evidence of missile assembly in Cuba. Shown here are missile transporters and missile-ready tents where fueling and maintenance took place.Courtesy of CIA

  26. cuban missile2 • Low altitude view of missile preparation area. The pilot taking this shot flew at an altitude of about 250 feet, and at the speed of sound.

  27. cuban missile2 Photographed from an RF-101 Voodoo, this view of a Soviet SA-2 (surface-to-air) missile pattern provided additional evidence of the Russian arming of Cuba.

  28. The crisis developed as the U.S. demanded the Soviets to dismantle missiles in Cuba or the U.S. would invade Cuba.

  29. Soviets refused to dismantle missile sites unless U.S. dismantled missile sites in Turkey.

  30. cuban missile2 Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations in November 1962.

  31. cuban missile2 President Kennedy in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban missions. Third from the left is Major Richard Heyser who took the first photos of Cuban missiles.

  32. cuban missile2 • U.S. and Soviets prepared for war…..U.S. placed a blockade around Cuba and warned Soviets not to break through the blockade. The Soviets sent their Naval fleet to protect Cuba.

  33. cuban missile2 • Last minute decision made: Soviets would dismantle missile sites in Cuba in return for U.S.not invading Cuba. • U.S. would later dismantle missile sites in Turkey…..Not part of original deal.

  34. Effects of Cuban Missile Crisis • Khrushchev lost a face off with US –HURT HIS REPUTATION- RUN OUT OF KREMLIN. • USSR- launched massive military spending program • 1963- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- prohibited trial nuclear explosions in the atmosphere. • 1963- Installation of Moscow-US “hotline” instant teletype communications. • June 1963- Kennedy speech at American University advocated “peacefulcoexistence” – start of détente.

  35. Kennedy and Khruschev both realized how close they came to nuclear war. • The “monster” of nuclear war must never be released. • Both leaders vowed to better communicate with one another. • US and Soviet Union would sign their first nuclear arms limitation treaty in 1963.

  36. Kennedy & Vietnam • 1961- Increased number of US advisors from 150 to 15,000 – start of “escalation”- to prop up S. Vietnam gov’t led by Diem. • 500,000 US troops sent by time of LBJ presidency. • Nov. 1963- US gave consent for a coup (overthrow) of Diem • Encouraged South Vietnam to take responsibility to fight the war.

  37. JFK & Civil Rights • JFK proceeded slowly with Civil Rights (placate Southern Democrats) • 1961- The Freedom Riders- set out to end segregation in facilities serving interstate busing. • Freedom riders attacked- federal marshals sent to protect riders. • 1963-Robert Kennedy (Attorney-General) ordered wire tap of MLK’s phones (concern over communist affiliations) • The Voter Education Project (1963)- led by SNCC; organized to register blacks in the South to vote.

  38. 1865Civil War ends Reconstruction begins 1890s-1950s Jim Crow laws prevent African Americans from voting 1950s-1960sCivil Rights movement begins. 1870sReconstruction ends. 15th Amendment The Struggle for African American Suffrage African American Vote After Slavery Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960’s

  39. Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s

  40. civil rights CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT FREEDOM SUMMER AND RIDERS During the summers of 1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded buses bound for the South to register African Americans to vote.

  41. JFK & Civil Rights Integrating Southern Universities- some integrated painlessly-other did not. • Oct. 1962 University of Mississippi- James Meredith (former Air Force) was refused admission • Kennedy sent 400 federal marshals & 3,000 troops to enroll Meredith The March on Birmingham (1963) • MLK launched campaign against discrimination in Birmingham Alabama (blacks almost half the city’s population but only 15% of city voters). • Previous attempts= 50 cross burnings & 18 bomb attacks- “Bombingham” • MLK & marchers were attacked by police & attack dogs caught on TV! • JFK issued a TV speech (June 1963) – called for new civil rights legislation— Medgar Evers Killed in Mississippi • Sept. 1963- Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama- killed 4 black girls (Sunday School lesson- The Love that Forgives)

  42. Letter From a Birmingham Jail • King, wrote the letter after being arrested at a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama. • The letter was in response to a letter sent to him by eight Alabama Clergymen called, “A Call For Unity.” • The men recognized that injustices were occurring in Birmingham but believed that the battles for freedom should be fought in the courtroom in not in the streets. • In the letter, “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” King justified civil disobedience by saying that without forceful action, true civil rights would never be achieved. Direct action is justified in the face of unjust laws.

  43. Letters From a Birmingham Jail (cont.) • In the letter King justifies civil disobedience in the town of Birmingham. • “I cannot sit idly in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” • “There can be no gain saying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. • Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts.”

  44. Letters From a Birmingham Jail (cont.) • “Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself.” • “We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, it must be demanded by the oppressed. • “Wait has almost always meant 'never.‘”

  45. *The March on Washington • August 1963- MLK led 200,000 black & whites in a peaceful march on Washington to push for new civil rights legislation. • King gives the “I Have A Dream Speech”

  46. Kennedy Is Assassinated • On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was shot while riding in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas. He had traveled to Texas to mobilize support for his upcoming reelection campaign. • Shots fired from the sixth-floor window of the empty Texas School Book Depository mortally wounded Kennedy, making Vice President Lyndon Johnson the new President. • The prime suspect in Kennedy’s murder, Lee Harvey Oswald, was murdered by a man named Jack Ruby two days later, while being transferred from one jail to another. • *The Warren Commission determined that Oswald had acted alone. However, theories that Oswald and Ruby had belonged to a conspiracy persisted.

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