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The Stormy Sixties

The Stormy Sixties. Chapter 38. Kennedy Nixon Debates. John F Kennedy and Richard Nixon had first presidential debate on TV. Kennedy’s New Frontier Spirit. JFK elected by small margin over Nixon in 1960 Youngest elected president and assembled young cabinet

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The Stormy Sixties

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  1. The Stormy Sixties Chapter 38

  2. Kennedy Nixon Debates • John F Kennedy and Richard Nixon had first presidential debate on TV

  3. Kennedy’s New Frontier Spirit • JFK elected by small margin over Nixon in 1960 • Youngest elected president and assembled young cabinet • Robert Kennedy appointed as Attorney General who conflicted with J Edgar Hoover over priorities for FBI • JFK inspired idealism and service • “ask not what your country can do for you: ask what you can do for your country.” • Developed Peace Corps to help poor in other nations • New frontier programs for medical assistance for elderly and money for education held up by pair of Republicans and Southern Democrats • JFK backed down big steel to prevent inflation; but also cut taxes to stimulate the economy • Supported space program and to put a man on the moon

  4. Rumblings in Europe • Soviets disarmed and prevented East Germans from rebuilding but Allies encouraged development of West German industry • Berlin Airlift • 1948 – USSR close off Berlin in hopes of forcing Allies out • Allies send in airlift to Berlin to bring in supplies • 1949 Stalin backs down and allows allied forces into Berlin • Berlin Wall • 1961 Soviet premier Khruschev built wall in East Germany to stop migration • Symbol of Cold War • Propaganda victory for west • Common Market • JFK supported free trade area established in Common Market (evolves into EU) with Trade Expansion Act in 1962

  5. French Indochina (Vietnam) • Eisenhower’s Secretary of State Allen Dulles’ foreign policy doctrine called for massive retaliation; JFK under Robert McNamara shifted to flexible response to give military more options • Battle against French (1946-1954) • Ho Chi Minh led peasant army • French lose at Dien Bien Phu • French lose Indochina • Geneva Accords (1954) divided Vietnam between communist North led by Ho Chi Minh and non-communist south, supported by west led by Ngo Dinh Diem • Vietcong – south Vietnamese communist guerillas • South Vietnamese government troops ineffective at fighting • Domino Theory • US fear one nation goes communist, others would follow • US doesn’t allow 1956 election because US fears communists will win

  6. American Involvement (1959-1975) • 1961 JFK increased troop involvement; 1963 supported a coup of Diem • Gulf of Tonkin (1964) • North Vietnamese attack USS Maddox in Gulf of Tonkin • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed LBJ sent more troops to Vietnam and into any Asian country without Congressional approval…Attack was never proven • US sends increasing numbers of soldiers • Aerial bombardment “Operation Rolling Thunder” attempted (1965) • Increasing deaths of American soldiers and reports of atrocities (My Lai) erodes US support for war • Tet Offensive • Jan 30 1968 – surprise attack all over South Vietnam by Vietcong • Military loss for Vietcong, political victory • Americans didn’t believe military statements following offensive • March 31, 1968 LBJ announced a freeze in troop levels and reduction in bombing

  7. Debate over War • 1967 – growing peace movement – people oppose war • Use marches, songs, sit ins, teach ins, fled to Canada • Opposition to Draft • Many avoided draft • Average age of draftees 19/WWII 26 • Burned cards, move to Canada • Most draftees were poor, minorities • Opposed mission of war • Protests about Vietnam intensified • Kent State • National Guard shoot protestors at an anti war rally • Johnson authorized CIA and FBI to spy on domestic opponents of war (1967) • Supporters of War • believed communism must be stopped • innocents were killed because of guerilla tactics • US never put full force of military in war

  8. Cuban Confrontations • 1959 Fidel Castro led a communist revolution in Cuba • Castro encouraged communism in other Latin American countries • Alliance for Progress was developed to close gap between rich and poor in effort to undermine communism in Latin America • 1961 Bay of Pigs • Kennedy supported failed invasion of Cuba and assassination attempts on Castro • Cuban Missile Crisis • 1962 Khrushchev put nuclear missiles in Cuba • In response to American nukes in Turkey and Greece • US identified missiles with U2 spy planes • JFK orders naval quarantine until Soviets removed missiles • US and Soviets went to brink of nuclear war • Khrushchev backs down and forced out of power • Accelerated the arms race • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) • Signed to try to ease tensions between US and USSR • JFK gave speech at American Univ that laid foundation for detente

  9. JFK Assassination and LBJ • November 22, 1963 killed by Lee Harvey Oswald • Oswald was then killed by Jack Ruby • Warren Commission was created to investigate conspiracy possibilities • LBJ was sworn in as President • Was able to pass many JFK ideas “fallen President” • Civil Rights Bill of 1964 • Banned racial discrimination in private facilities open to public • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) made to eliminate discrimination in job hiring • LBJ established affirmative action via executive order in 1965 • LBJ’s “Great Society” was a series of programs to change American society • Education; Civil rights; Environment • War on poverty • Welfare and Food stamps • Support for program increased after Michael Harrington’s The Other America (1962) • Medicare and Medicaid

  10. Election of 1964 • LBJ (Democrats); Barry Goldwater (Republicans) • Goldwater was a conservative • Attacked “establishment” politics • Wanted to present clear choice to LBJ by opposing income tax, social security, civil rights, TVA • Democrats portrayed Goldwater as violent and unstable • “Daisy Ad” ran spots showing girl picking daisies then a nuclear cloud killed her. Said US would have WWIII if Goldwater elected • LBJ wins easily • LBJ’s Great Society Congress • Office of Economic Opportunity given money to support Appalachia • Department of Transportation; Department of Housing and Urban Development; National Endowment for Arts and Humanities were created • Big Four legislative achievements: • Education aid would be tied to students not schools; allows for aid to religious schools • Health Insurance given to elderly (Medicare) and poor (Medical) • Immigration and Nationality Act made it easier to immigrate to US • Conservatives argued against programs as improper social engineering and money was wasted

  11. Black Rights • Civil Rights Act of 1964 increased school desegregation and prohibited public facilities discrimination • Voting in South • Mississippi – only 5% of eligible blacks were registered to vote because of poll taxes, literacy tests and intimidation • 24th amendment banned poll tax • Freedom Summer 1964 – voter registration drive had northerners go down south to help blacks register • Mississippi Burning James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were murdered by KKK for registering blacks • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Passed in response to violence of South • Gave blacks power of vote that led gradually to integration • Black rights movement shifted towards integrating blacks into American society; not just in the South

  12. Black Rights • Black Power • Movement gets increasingly violent; Watts Riots (1965) • Malcolm X followed Nation of Islam led by Elijiah Muhammed and supported black separatism • Black Panthers used weapons; SNCC led by Stokely Carmichael preached Black power to smash western civilization • Put emphasis on African and black communities and culture and rejection of white • Some believed in back to Africa movement • Shifted focus from voting to economic; unemployment and opportunity • Riots in 1967 • Newark, Detroit, Los Angeles; neighborhoods burned and police were attacked • Created white conservative backlash against Black Power movement • Martin Luther King assassinated in 1968; weakened moderate civil rights movement

  13. Music from the 60’s • As a group you will listen and analyze several music choices that are a reflection of feelings, events, and people during the 1960’s • For each song you must 1. Write the title 2. Analyze the song as a whole and connect to the content 3. Use specific lyrics(give me a quote) and connect to events/people during this time.

  14. Songs • Abraham, Martin, and John-AM Gold • Fortunate Son-CCR • Okie-Merle Haggard • LBJ Told the Nation-Tom Paxton • Fixin to Die-Country Joe and the Fish • Times are a Changin-Bob Dylan

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