English and the New World

1. English and the New World Those Who Came to Settle

2. The Dutch:Those Who Came to Trade • Henry Hudson • Employed by the Dutch East India Company • 1609 • Sails to New York Harbor • Looking for Northwest passage to Asia • 1614 • Establishment of Fort Orange at present day Albany • 1626 • Settlement of Manhattan Island

3. Dutch and the New World • Tolerance • Freedom of the press • Unpressidented religious freedom • Many different religious sects migrated to the Netherland • Made it easier to establish settlements in New World • Settlement • Avoidance of the Black Legend of Spain • Negotiated purchases of Native-American lands • Conflicts with Algonquin tribes • Alliance with Iroquois Confederacy • In the end not much different that Spanish and French • Disease and warfare

4. England Before Contact • Religious Prosecution • Henry VII-1495 • Sought to unify England after years of civil war-government, economics, and religion • Henry VIII • Married to Catherine of Aragon • Tried to annual marriage • Pope refused • Severs the nation from Catholic church • Establishes the Church of England-anglican • Edward VI-1547 • Became king at age 10 • Catholic prosecution by regents • Mary- 1553 • Re-establishes Catholic church • Protestant executions • Elisabeth I- 1558 • Re-establishes Church of England • Execution of catholics

5. Second Rate Empire • Lesser of the 3 Empires • Spain and France out did them • Conflict with Spain • Protestant vs. Catholic • Elisabeth vs. Philip II • 1588 • Execution of Mary Queen of Scots sets of a chain of events • Spanish send armada to England to remove Elisabeth I • Fleet is destroyed • Fire ships and bad weather • Spanish invasion never comes • From here on out Spanish will deminish as an Empire, and England’s Empire grows • Conflicts with France will follow- MANY TIMES

6. Delayed Exploration • Battles with Spain did not help • Ireland • England gained control of Ireland since 1155 • Growing tensions with Catholics supported by Spain • Elisabeth forced to deal with Ireland • Becomes a 9 years battle • Guess who won

7. Motives for Colonization • ECONOMY • Rise in Population • Economy could not keep up with demand • 1550: 3 million • 1600: 4 million • Wool exportation • Land owners raised more sheep • Evicted tenants • Fenced off land • Before free range • Pressure on cities • ½ of population lived in poverty • Forced work • Henry VIII- whipped, hanged branded workless • Elisabeth- regulation of work hours-forced people to work • Went against the very ideas of freedom

8. Exploration and Settlement • John Cabot- 1497 • First to encounter North America since Vikings • Sir Humphrey Gilbert- 1592 • Settlement of Newfoundland • Failed • Sir Walter Raleigh-1585 • Roanoke Island, North Carolina • Abandoned in 1586 • Same year 100 more settlers • 1590 resupply ship found none of them left • Probably joined surrounding Native-American tribes- “Croaton” • Surely some perished

9. Jamestown • 1607 • Settlement in Chesapeake Bay up the James River • Sponsored by the Virginia Company • Goal was to find gold • First year was rough • Malaria and starvation • Half of the population died • Succession of repopulation and supply • By 1616 80% of those arrived were dead • John Smith • Only bright sport • Forced labor • Ruled with an iron hand • Very hated • But kept many alive through a very harsh winter

10. Relations with Native-Americans • Powhatan • Leader of surrounding tribes • Recognized the benefits of trade with Jamestown • Black Legend • Virginia Company urged kindness and no conversion • John Smith tried to stop settlers from stealing Native food • Period of Peace • Smith’s capture and threat of execution • Legend has Pocahontas saving him out of love • More a show of power • Pocahontas does become a mediator between the two groups • Peace Ends • Smith’s return to England raises tensions • 1610 settlers attack Natives • Pocahontas captured • Converts to Christianity • Marries John Rolfe • Goes to England

11. 1622 • Tensions between Native and Settlers go bad • Powhatan’s brother, Opechancanough • Leads attack against settlers • Kills 1200 in a day • Settlers retaliate • A supposed truce • Poisoned drinks kill 200 • Attacks on Powhatan’s continue • Second Rebellion • Not as successful • Opechancanough captured • Thought to be 100 years old • Shot in the back • Success • Though did not push settlers out, backrupted the Virginia Company • Surrenders charter to King • Virginia the first Royal Colony • Tobacco would later make the crown rich

12. Life in New World • Many came to settle the land • Thomas More’s Utopia • Abundance of land=freedom • Many who came did not achieve that dream • Need money • Those with money prospered • Indentured Servants • Sale their work for passage to new world • 5-7 years of service • Freedom dues paid, but not much help • Men could learn a craft • Time suspended if woman becomes pregnant • Not a good deal • Many ran away

13. Life in New World Con’t • Native-Americans • English much different than Spanish and French • Lack if any intermarriage • Frowned upon • Many came as families • Single women, especially from Ireland • Very little interaction at all • Lands • Not dominion, but want of land and took it • Displacement • Negotiations and purchase • Prevention of private siezure • Free range did not take into account Native lands • Pigs and cows destroyed many crops • Native men seen as lazy • Alliances and weapons would change Native American life forever

14. Slavery • Tobacco farming • Chesapeake Bay • Natives not going to do it • African-American slavery need to cultivate the crops • Popularity and money made slavery inevitable in America