Production of Networks & Networks of Production

1. Production of Networks&Networks of Production Yuk Hui (Goldsmiths)

2. Two examples of information extraction Traditional way: 1. Hyperlink Yuk Hui -> Goetz Bachmann 2. Re-occurrence Goetz Bachmann Goetz Bachmann

3. Two Examples of information extraction • <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" • xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" • xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"> • <foaf:Person> • <foaf:name>Yuk Hui</foaf:name> • <foaf:firstName>Yuk</foaf:firstName> • <foaf:surname>Hui</foaf:surname> • <foaf:mbox_sha1sum>71b88e951cb5f07518d69e5bb49a45100fbc3ca5</foaf:mbox_sha1sum> • <foaf:knows rdf:resource="#goetz"> • </foaf:Person> • <foaf:Person rdf:ID="goetz"> • <foaf:name>Goetz Bachmann</foaf:name> • <foaf:mbox_sha1sum>241021fb0e6289f92815fc210f9e9137262c252e</foaf:mbox_sha1sum> • <rdfs:seeAlso • rdf:resource="http://rdfweb.org/people/danbri/foaf.rdf"/> • </foaf:Person> • </rdf:RDF>

4. Content is king!? 1. user doesn’t necessarily generate content 2. what generated is more than content

5. Relation? “The idea of network based exchange is based on the sociological observation that social interaction creates similarity and vice versa, interaction creates similarity: friends are likely to have acquired or develop similar interests” Peter Mika, Yahoo!Barcelona Semantic Web and Social Network

6. Semantic Web RDF (Resource Definition Framework) OWL (Web Ontology Language) Yuk – knows – Goetz Subject Predicate Object

7. concretization Text based web -> Logic based web Formal knowledge representation -> Ontology

8. Three Questions 1.What kind of relations are we talking? 2.What is the complexity of these relations? 3.How does the understanding of relation help to understand the current technology and its social and cultural implications?

9. Ontology

10. Aristotle’s “relative” “those things are called relative which, being either said to be of something else or related to something else, are explained by reference to the other thing” 6a36-39, Aristotle, categories, in Basic Works of Aristotle

11. Aristotle’s “relative” revisited “indeed, in our definition of that which is relative was complete, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to prove that no substance is relative. If however, our definition was not complete, if those things are only properly called relative in the case of which relation to an external object is a necessary condition of existence, perhaps some explaination of the dilemma may be found.” 8a28-34, Aristotle, Categories

12. Two unresolved relations relation secumdum dici: relation according to the way it must be expressed in discourse. relation secundum esse: relation to the way it has being.

13. Hume’s Response • Reject the idea of substance • Radicalize predicates as relations (Associationism)

14. Hume’s relation “either for that quality, by which two ideas are connected together in the imagination, and the one naturally introduces the other, after the manner above explained: or for that particular circumstance, in which, even upon the arbitrary union of two ideas in the fancy, we may think proper to compare them” David Hume, A treatise of Human Nature

15. Hume’s philosophical relations Resemblance Identity Space and Time Quantity/Number Quality/Degree of Quality Contrariety Causality

16. Hume’s philosophical relations External relations: identity, temporal & spatial relations, causality Internal Relations: resemblance, contrariety, degrees of quality , and propositions of quantity and number

17. Deleuze’s Hume All relations are external! “…[L]et us consider, that since equality is a relation, it is not, strictly speaking, a property in the figures themselves, but arises merely from the comparison, which the mind makes betwixt them” quoted by Deleuze, Empiricism and Subjectivity

18. Berners-Lee’s Web 3.0 Semantic web + AI agents

19. Critique of relation “either for that quality, by which two ideas are connected together in the imagination, and the one naturally introduces the other, after the manner above explained: or for that particular circumstance, in which, even upon the arbitrary union of two ideas in the fancy, we may think proper to compare them” David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature

20. Our Question What are the significances of saying that the web economy is constituted by the production of relations?

21. Design of Information System what is relevance? 1.system or algorithmic relevance 2.topical or subject relevance 3.cognitive relevance or pertinence 4.situational relevance or utility 5.motivational or affective relevance Saracevic, Information science, 1999

22. Inadequacy of 5Ws When Where Why Who What

23. Thingification of Media Vitality is the key to understand the operation of the global culture industry. And in the web economy, we can see where this vitality is from, which is the production of relations, but not merely data.

24. Production X Karl Marx’s commodity X Hardt/Negri/Lazzorato immaterial production

25. Hume’s Billiard Ball

26. Production of subjectivity A perfect match with Hume’s theory of causality The necessity of causal relation = habit/custom

27. Deleuze’s empirical subjectivity Subjectivity = Believe + Invention The networks of relations can be established and shaped through different algorithms and comparisons of relations, modern subjectivity is moving to the side of engineering.

28. Network of Production Two visible facts: 1.objects and users of same importance 2 Machine processibility One invisible facts: the machines driven by algorithms are harvesting relations the users don’t intend to produce or don’t regard it as a relation

29. Networks of production Networks are generating Networks

30. Recursion Google and its PageRank Recursion: an algorithmic technique where a function, in order to accomplish a task, calls itself with some part of the task

31. Recursion public int fib(int n) { if(n <= 1) { return n; } else { return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2); } } n: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 … nth Fibonacci: 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 …

32. Foucault on Neo-Liberalism human capital can never be counted in terms of quantity like Ricardo and Adam Smiths did, instead human capital become recursive function consists of both “capital”(in terms of ability and skills) and “earnings stream” (not an income)

33. The End? Production of Networks Production of Networks Networks of Production Production of Networks Networks of Production Networks of Production Production of Networks Networks of Production Production of Networks Networks of Production Production of Networks Production of Networks Networks of Production Networks of Production Production of Networks Production of Networks Networks of Production Networks of Production Production of Networks Networks of Production