Blood and Endocrine

1. Blood and Endocrine By: Zulheyk Rios Diana Orozco Yanira Arce

2. What is the Endocrine System?

4. Basic Functions Regulates hormonal secretions for.. • Bone growth • Puberty • Tissue Function • Metabolism • Sexual Function • Reproduction • Sleep • Mood Cells Endocrine Gland

5. “Endocrine” means “internal secretion” • the secreted substances are called hormones • Target cells :any cell that has a specific receptor for an antigen or antibody or hormone

6. Exocrine Glands secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces, they are released externally Paracrine Secretions A “local hormone” which enters the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells Autocrine Secretions A “local hormone” which enters the interstitial fluid but affect only the secreting cell itself Endocrine Glands secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.

8. Breaking Down the Action of a Hormone

9. Non-Steroid Hormones Steroid Hormones • ex) aldosterone from adrenal glands • they are lipids that include complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms • derives form cholesterol • include sex hormones ex)testoterone and estrogen from adrenal cortex • insoluble in lipids and water • ex) amine,peptide, or protein • has both binding cites and an activity cites • derived from the amino acid tyrosine • most glands it is secreted from are • parathyroid gland • anterior/posterior pituitary gland • hypothylmus • all diffuse into bloodstream and are carried to body parts

10. Sequence of Steroid Action Hormone

11. Sequence of Non-Steroid Action Hormone

12. Up Down Regulation • The control of hormone secretion is important to keep homeostasis. • The endocrine gland must regulate the concentrations of secretion and when to release it Positive feedback : usually in reproductive systems, phase with augmenting the input Negative feedback : feedback in opposite phase with decreasing input

13. Hormone Secretion is Controlled in Three Ways Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary gland’s release of tropic hormones which signals other endocrine glands to release hormones The nervous system stimulate some gland directly Then other glands take commands to change composition in the internal environment

14. Basic Location and Function on Major Endocrine glands

15. Pituitary Gland • What hormones does it secrete? • the anterior lobe secretes.. • GH • TSH • ACTH • FSH • LH • PRL • ADH • OT • What overall functions does it perform? • It makes and releases a bunch of hormones that control other glands and body functions • helps you grow big by producing growth hormone.

16. Hypothalamus • What hormones does it secrete? hormones produced in the hypothalamus .. • corticotrophin- • dopamine • somatostatin • gonadotrophin- • thyrotrophin-. • anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin • What overall functions does it perform? • Links nervous system to endocrine system via the pituitary gland • maintains homeostasis

17. Pineal Gland • What hormones does it secrete? • synthesized from serotonin • melatonin • What overall functions does it perform? • which helps maintain circadian rhythm • regulate reproductive hormones

18. Parathyroid Gland • What hormones does it secrete? • parathyroid hormone or parathormone • What overall functions does it perform? • increases blood calcium ion concentration • decreases blood phosphate ion concentration

19. Thyroid Gland • What hormones does it secrete? • throxine (aka T4) tetraiodothyronine • triiodothyronine (T3) • calcitonin • What overall functions does it perform? • influences blood concentration of calcium and phosphate ions • controls metabolism rate of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins • increase the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates • enhance rate of protein synthesis • stimulates growth • stimulates activity in nervous system

20. Thymus • What hormones does it secrete? • thymosin • What overall functions does it perform? • promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

21. Adrenal Gland • What hormones does it secrete? • adrenaline • noradrenaline • What overall functions does it perform? • increases heart rate • force cardiac muscle contraction • elevate blood pressure • increase breathing rate • decrease digestive activity

22. Kidneys • What hormones does it secrete? • Erythropoietin (EPO) • Calcitriol • What overall functions does it perform? • acts on bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells • enables more oxygen flow to skeletal muscles • the cells of the intestine to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphate from food • bone to mobilize calcium from the bone to the blood

23. Pancreas • What hormones does it secrete? • insulin • glucagon • What overall functions does it perform? • an exocrine function: converts excess gluclose into glycogen in liver • endocrine function: that stimulates the liver to from glycogen from gluclose and inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into gluclose **largest endocrine gland**

24. Ovaries • What hormones does it secrete? • oestrogen • progesterone • What overall functions does it perform? • controls ovulation • prepares uterus lining

25. Testes • What hormones does it secrete? • Testerone • What overall functions does it perform? • controls sperm production

26. Introduction to blood • As, the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, called the circulatory system. • There are 3 main types of blood vessels: * Arteries- carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body’s tissues * Capillaries - connects the arteries and veins; allows oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products to pass to and from their tissue cells. * Veins- takes oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

27. Functions of the Blood • Transportation The transportation of the blood in the body is responsible for transporting: -Nutrients -hormones produced by the glands of the endocrine system -waste products

28. Protection and Regulation • Protection -Through the different blood components it protects the body from the threat of infections and diseases. • Regulation - Helps maintain body temperature -Controls the concentration of Hydrogen ions in the body (pH balance) -Controls blood pressure

29. Blood Components Blood is made up of four main components: • Red Blood Cells • White Blood Cells • Platelets • Plasma

30. Red Blood Cells ( Erythrocytes) • Function -Carries oxygen -Removes Carbon Dioxide from your body, and transports it to your lungs for you to exhale -Controls the pH of the blood by acting as acid-base buffer • Structure -Contains hemoglobin, responsible for the oxygen carrying capacity

31. LIfe Cycle of a RBC • Life Cycle • Erythrocytes are producedthrough a process called erythropoiesis • They develop from stem cells in bone marrow into mature erythrocytes in about seven days • They live in the blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days

33. White Blood Cells ( Leukocytes) • Produced in Bone Marrow • Stored in Blood & Lymphatic tissues • Essential for good health and protection against illness and disease • Destroys harmful substances • Prevents illnesses

34. Types of Leukocytes • Monocytes- Helps break down bacteria • Lymphocytes- Creates antibodies to defend against bacteria and viruses • Neutrophils- Kills and digests bacteria and fungi • Basophils- help control the body’s immune response • Eosinphils- attacks and kills parasites

35. Platelets • Smallest blood cell • Stops bleeding by producing blood clots

36. Disorders of Platelets • Too Many - Thrombocythaemia (ET) -High risk of blood clots -Bleeding • Too Few -Thrombocytopenia - Unusual Bleeding - Unexplained Bruising

37. Plasma • Plasma is the liquid portion of blood- • 92 % water, allows blood to flow freely through blood vessels • Acts as a solvent for important proteins, nutrients, electrolytes and gases. • Carries RBC, WBC, and Platelets

38. Hematopoiesis • process of cell production, multiplication, and specialization in the bone marrow • Kidneys :produce a hormone known as erythropoeitin (EPO), which is carried in the blood to the bone marrow where it stimulates the production of red blood cells. • originates in red bone marrow I.found in... -Flat bones of pelvis, skull, ribs,sternum -Proximal epiphysis of humerus, femur 2.)begins with hemocytoblast...

39. Continued...

40. Erythropoiesis • Process of creating red blood cells • Kidneys a.release erythropoietin 2. Red bone marrow a.hemocytoblast

41. Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Clotting = blood clot

42. Clotting components 1.)platelets • Start plugging 2.) Clotting Factors a.) reinforce platelets 3.)Fibrin a.) acts like glue 4.) Other cells (red and white) a.) support clot • clot is created • Clotting components remain here until the site is healed • once its no longer needed, body disolves it

43. ABO blood groups Depending on antigen types: • A : antigen A & anti-B antibody • B : antigen B & anti-A antibody • AB : antigen A and B & neither antibody • O : neither antigen A or B & both Anti-A and anti-B antibody

44. Blood Transfusions

45. Rh Blood Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells • If your blood has the protein its Rh positive • vise versa About 15% of Us population is Rh- negative

46. Bibliography • Dowshen, Steven MD, ed. "Your Endocrine System." KidsHealth. N.p., Mar. 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2015. <http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/endocrine.html>. • Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. "Endocrine System." Hole's Human • Anatomy&Physiology.11thed.NewYork:Michelle Watnick, 2007. 487-527. Print. • “Human Blood: Blood Components.” Human Blood Components. N. p.,n.d Web. 27 Feb. 2015 • "Hypothalamus." You and Your Hormones. N.p., 21 Jan. 2015. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. <http://www.yourhormones.info/glands/hypothalamus.aspx>. • "Hormones of the Kidney, Skin, and Heart." Users.Rcn. N.p., 8 Mar. 2014. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. <http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/K/ KidneyHormones.html>.